Always cite appropriately! APA CITATIONS Always cite appropriately! Reference material: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

APA CITATIONS: IN TEXT A Work by One Author A Work by Two Authors Parenthetical citations include the author’s last name, a comma followed by a single space, and the year of publication: (Stewart, 1998) Use of the author’s name as a signal phrase should be followed by the year in parentheses: Stewart (1998) hypothesized… Name both authors in the signal phrase or parenthetically each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names used as a signal phrase: Research by Kirsner and Pittman (2014) supports... Use the ampersand inside parentheses: (Kirsner & Pittman, 2014) Refer to your APA manual or Owl Purdue's’ website at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ for more information and examples.

A Work by Three to Five Authors APA CITATIONS: IN TEXT A Work by Three to Five Authors Six or More Authors List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the word and before the last author within the signal phrase: Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, and Harlow (1993) found support… Use the ampersand before the last author in parentheses: (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) In remaining citations, only use the first author's last name followed by et al., whether in the signal phrase or in parentheses: Kernis et al. (1993) (Kernis et al., 1993) Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses: Ross et al. (2010) argued... (Ross et al., 2010)

Organization as an Author APA CITATIONS: IN TEXT Unknown Author Organization as an Author If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. According to the American Psychological Association (2000),... If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000) If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books, periodicals, and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. A similar study was conducted with students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001). Note that when you have parenthetical material inside of parentheses, you should use brackets for the innermost material, not another set of parentheses: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) See p. 176 in the APA Manual for further details.

APA CITATIONS: IN TEXT Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses Authors With the Same Last Name When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same order in which they appear in the reference list (alphabetically by first author), separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Berndt (2002) and Harlow (1983) both discovered… To prevent confusion, include first initials before the names of authors with the same last name. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year APA CITATIONS: IN TEXT Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year Electronic Sources If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, add lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that... Berndt (1981b) also illustrated the need… If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Kenneth (2000) explained... (Kenneth, 2000)

APA CITATIONS: IN TEXT Secondary Sources: While doing so should be kept to a minimum, it is sometimes necessary to cite a source that you were not able to read yourself. For example, some sources are only available in print and only in limited locations. When this occurs, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. The page number on which you found the information in the secondary source is required. Johnson (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102) argued that… (Johnson, as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102) Though the APA Manual does not call for including the year of the primary source in these citations, I consider it ill-advised to leave out information that would make it easier for the reader to locate the original source. Thus, even though it does not conform to APA style, I suggest including the year of the primary source. The same principle holds for the APA rule about inclusion of issue numbers only for journals that start on Page 1 with each new issue; I urge students to include all available issue numbers, but I warn them that other professors and editors might deem this an unacceptable violation of APA style.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Items listed in the reference section are sometimes referred to as reference citations. Reference citations should be formatting using hanging indentations: All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Authors Authors' names are inverted (last name first) Give the last name and all initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and then use an ellipsis (. . .) after the sixth author's name. After the ellipsis, list the last author's name. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. * * Do NOT change the order of the names of authors within a reference citation! It would be very insulting to an author to have his hard-earned first authorship relegated to a different author just because his name ended with a letter that comes late in the alphabet.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Title of the Work The title of a journal article is referred to as the title of the work. In the reference citation for a journal article, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle the subtitle generally follows a colon or a dash If there is a subtitle in the article, but it is not separated from the title by any punctuation in the article itself (e.g., it is on a separate line or in a different typeface than the title), separate the title from the subtitle using a colon in the reference citation. capitalize proper nouns. do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Journal (Periodical) Name The name of the journal is known as the title of the periodical. Include the full journal name. Do not abbreviate words in the journal name, even if you see them abbreviated in references listed in some journals.* As the title of the periodical, the journal name should be italicized Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal itself.** Usually, major words in the journal name will be capitalized; minor words (of, and, the) will be lowercase. Do not include descriptions of the organization that are not part of the actual title of the journal (e.g., the Official Publication of the XYZ Organization). * Sometimes, especially in medical journals, you will find the journal article in an abbreviated form, such as PSYCHOL REV, which refers to Psychological Review. You can generaly determine the full name of the journal by doing an internet search using the abbreviated title. ** Look at the actual journal article for the correct punctuation and capitalization; it is not always replicated faithfully in reference lists or databases.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Books The title of a book is referred to as the title of the work. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title (i.e., the subtitle), and proper nouns. As the title of the work, the title of a book should be italicized. The reference citation for a book ends with the location and name of the publisher. The two-letter state abbreviation is required after the name of the city, even for cities for which the state is well-known, such as New York, NY.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Single Author: Last name first, followed by author initials (with space between the initials) Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7–10. Two Authors: List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of and. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034–1048. Please make note of the location of punctuation (in black type) in the reference citations above.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Three to Seven Authors: List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by an ampersand. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190–1204. More Than Seven Authors: List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the sixth author's name, use an ellipsis (three periods with space between each) in place of the author names. Then provide the final author name.   Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323–335. Take notice here of the use of the en dash between page numbers in all reference citations (the same is true of in-text citations, too). Note also that you should NOT include an ampersand when using ellipses between the 6th and last authors’ names.

APA CITATIONS: REFERENCES Organization as Author: American Psychological Association. (2003). Unknown Author: Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Two or More Works by the Same Author: Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). Berndt, T. J. (1981)… Berndt, T. J. (1999)… In the first reference, note that you need to include a period after the author (usually, the last author’s name concludes with a period following an initial, so you don’t realize that it is functioning there as a full stop, not just as an indicator of the abbreviated name).

APA CITATIONS: REFERNCES Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408–416. Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636–643.

APA CITATIONS: EN DASH In your reference citations, as well as in your in-text citations (when page numbers are included), use an en dash (so named because it is the length of the letter n in whatever font you are using) between the page numbers instead of the hyphen symbol on your keyboard. The en dash can be found in MS Word by going to your toolbar and clicking INSERT  SYMBOL  MORE SYMBOLS  SPECIAL CHRACTERS  EN DASH This is not to be confused with em dash, which is longer (the length of an m as opposed to an n) For additional information, go to the APA Style blog entry: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/09/computer-editing-tip-en-dashes.html Besides the use of the en dash between page number ranges, the en dash should be used in other ranges, such as 10–12 years old and between words of equal weight in a compound adjective, such as the Washington–Philadelphia train.