DO NOW! Turn in the following items from your homework: Answers from video reading Keep your chapter 1 notes or reading guide. I will walk around and check them as you work Pick up the papers on the table Begin to work individually on the ½ sheet on the Jared Diamond reading

From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations

Paleolithic Age- Old Stone Age Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Sapiens= wise beings Characteristics of Homo Sapiens Simple tool use Use of fire Development of culture- system of beliefs to explain environment and social behavior

Spread of human species over the earth’s surface

Why do People Migrate? Push/Pull Factors Push Factor- Reasons people to move from the region they live in Examples: water source dries up, natural disaster, war, no economic opportunity, political repression Pull Factor- Attracts people to move to a certain place Examples: better farm land, better jobs, stable government

Neolithic Age- New Stone Age Major developments- development of Agriculture and cities Why did Agriculture develop? Need- population increase from end of ice age meant people had to be more creative about finding food Hunting yield declined with end of ice age

Hunter Gatherers Nomadic Limited to what could be carried Yields less food, no surplus More variety in diet; healthier Children spaced four years apart Less disease from sparse populations and no domesticated animals No formal government or social structure Egalitarian- no social structure, gender inequality Less development of technology

What’s So Great About Agriculture? Ability to settle in one place and focus on economic, political, and religious goals Population increase Domesticated animals could be used for food and clothing Greater wealth led to specialization and in turn inventions Note- hunting-and-gathering people couldn’t compete and often died off from diseases from agricultural societies

Farmers Began around 11,000 BCE Ability to farm and domesticate animals Had food surpluses which could be stored More dependent on crops, less biodiversity, less healthy Shorter birth interval Dense population More disease due to contact with domesticated animals Humans begin to claim territories and not share Eventually leads to cities

Need for authority; governments, armies, laws Need for priests Specialization in jobs Writing Social stratification and social status Inequality between men and women Fewer people live the good life More technology Produced “civilizations”

Spread of Agriculture

World Population Time World Population 10,000 BCE 4 million

Bronze Age Began in the Middle East about 4000 BCE Metal tools allowed farmers to work more efficiently Allowed for more specialization Better weapons Increased knowledge of metals and metalworking

What is a Civilization? "society with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and social heirarchy" could have more complex political structure  writing  could have cities Civilizations really date only to 3500 BCE   Characteristics of early civilizations writing formal codes of law city planning institutions for trade (incl. money)

Early Civilizations Catal Huyuk- Neolithic village in southern Turkey around 7000 BCE. religious structures stable economy and trade some specialization in trade

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization Middle East developed from scratch  -  did not imitate Sumerians developed cuneiform (first known case of writing) made developments in math and science to better farm developed complex religious rituals and towers of worship called ziggurats politcal organization- city-state ruled by a king who claimed divine authority evolution of slavery region was difficult to defend and eventually succombed to the Akkadians and then the Babylonians Babylonians extended the civilization and the famous King Hammurabi introduced the first early code of law, Hammurabi's code invasions of hunting and herding groups common

Egyptian Civilization formed by 3000 BCE in northern Africa Egypt able to maintain unified state because of location Pharoah had immense power Government directed economy more architecture-  pyramids While science and writing not as developed as in the Tigris-Euphrates civilization, math and art more advanced 

Harrapan Civilization 2500 BCE along the Indus River-  Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro developed distinctive writing and art some trading contacts with Mesopotamia architecture- houses had running water

Huanghe Civilization 2500-2000 BCE developed in considerable isolation carefully organized state regulated flooding of the yellow river advanced technology elaborate intellectual life, including writing and astronomy By 1500, Shang ruled the region 

The Olmec in Central America 2500s BCE- 400s CE Not in a river valley Exceptional wealth, technical efficiency Artistic creativity (colossal heads, jade carvings) Little evidence of war/violence Laid foundations for calendars, writing, systems, math

Chavin in South America 900 BCE – 250 BCE Not in a river valley, but in a mountain and diffused over large area (pol. Organized) Had llama to help with food and transport Metallurgy, high quality textiles Religion spread to Mesoamerica (jaguars, snakes, hawks, eagles)

Olmec and Chavin Art

Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations architecture art wheel basic mathematics concepts divisions of time alphabets and writing