Class The Oceans ADAPTATIONS TO LIFE IN SEAWATER

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Presentation transcript:

Class 35 -- The Oceans ADAPTATIONS TO LIFE IN SEAWATER Structural support Regulating body fluids Flotation (buoyancy) Success of planktonic "plants"

All organisms must adapt to their environments Successful competitors must: Obtain food (or nutrients to make food) AND Minimize food/energy requirements Reproduce successfully Minimize predation

Life in seawater...Must adapt to: Dense and saline fluid Sparse food/nutrient resources in many cases

Example #1: STRUCTURAL SUPPORT Density of tissue+skeletons ≈ density of seawater- almost weightless So...Marine organisms do not require the structural strength of land organisms. Marine animals can attain great size Most marine plants do not need stalks, trunks, etc. Floating is more important.

REGULATING BODY FLUID SALINITY Example #2: REGULATING BODY FLUID SALINITY All organisms must maintain roughly constant salinity in internal body fluids ("electrolyte balance"). Invertebrates and sharks -- no problem. Salinity of body fluids (Sbf) is similar to sea-water salinity (Ssw): Sbf ≈ Ssw Bony Fish -- problem...

Osmosis- Cells Balance Saline fluids inside cell Salty seawater outside Balance Low-salinity fluids inside cell Salty seawater outside Water Leaks Out-dehydration (not good)

Bony Fish -- Body-fluids less saline than seawater Water diffuses out of cells --> dehydration? ADAPTATIONS ... They drink a lot of sea water Excrete salt ions preferentially through ... ... gills ... saline urine

Some marine fish can migrate into fresh water -- opposite process needed for fresh water: Absorb salt ions from specialized gills Excrete large amounts of dilute urine

Example #3: FLOTATION (BUOYANCY) Adaptations to stay at the surface or some preferred depth 1. Gas pockets: Internal gas chambers or "floats" (jellyfish, nautilus, cuttlefish) Flexible swim bladders (most fish)

Active swimmers (some tuna, sharks) and bottom-dwelling fish have no swim bladders.

More on FLOTATION 2. Storage of low-density oils: Whales, seals: blubber Fish and sharks: oil stored in organs, e.g. sharks liver Plankton: store oils in their cells

3. Appendages . . (especially in plankton) Spines, ruffles, feathery extensions Increase frictional resistance to sinking

Adaptations of phytoplankton Maximize sunlight exposure Stay in photic zone Buoyancy - (oils) Small size and spines retard sinking b) Small, single-celled - better use of light 2. Minimize nutrient needs Small, simple organisms more efficient -Nutrients in, wastes out by simple diffusion