Chapter 7 The Era of Realism and Naturalism 20051920 주재훈 20095775 노미경 20095776 박계민

Contents Vocabularies Realism Naturalism Writers Reference

Vocabularies Coincidence : two events that happen, by chance, at the same time. Ideology : set of ideas that may point the way for society. Proportion : quantitative (or due) relationship. Naturalism : the idea that art and literature should present the world and people just as science shows they really are. Impression : effect produced on the mind.

Trend : direction of development. Contemporary : at the same time – today or when an author was writing. Description : give a conception or account. Sympathy : oneness of feeling or opinion Protest : speak write or act against something that one believes is wrong. Contrast : show the difference between one thing and another.

Determined : a firm decision, resolute. Veritism : truth (socio-philosophical ideology) Molasses : a thick, dark brown syrup. Irony : a subtle form of humour which involves saying things that you do not mean. Consciousness : Your mind & thought.

Realism In American literature, the term "realism" encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century during which William Dean Howells, Rebecca Harding Davis, Henry James, Mark Twain, and others wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts.

As the United States grew rapidly after the Civil War, the increasing rates of democracy and literacy, the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding popul- ation base due to immigration, and a relative rise in middle-class affluence provided a fertile literary environment for readers interested in understanding these rapid shifts in culture.

Naturalism The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position: for naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through

their relationships to their surrounding their relationships to their surrounding. Zola's 1880 description of this method in Le roman experimental (The Experiment -al Novel, 1880) follows Claude Bernard's medical model and the historian Hippolyte Taine's observation that "virtue and vice are products like vitriol and sugar"--that is, that human beings as "products" should be studied impartially, without moralizing about their natures.

William Dean Howells (1837-1920) He created the first theory for American realism. “Realism” became the mainstream of American literature. He felt that “Romanticism” created false views of life. A Modern Instance (1882) The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885)

He Hated the romantic literature. Novels “ should make you think… and shame you into wishing to be a more helpful creature than you are”. The good realist should be interested in “the common feelings of commonplace people”. He was becoming a kind of socialist. A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890)

Stephen Crane (1871-1990) The first American naturalist. All of his characters are controlled by their environment. Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) The Red Badge of Courage (1895) The Open Boat (1898) He uses colors and word-sounds to create brilliant “impressions”

Hamlin Garland (1860-1940) He had deep sympathy for the common people. His literature was a form of social protest. Main-Traveled Roads (1891) He thought life is “determined” by outside conditions and wrote to help improve those conditions. A message is behind his description the failure of the “American Dream”. The forces of American capitalism had destroyed the individual’s freedom.

Ambrose Bierce (1824-1914) Like Edgar Allan Poe, he loved to describe terrifying events and strange forms of death. Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (1891) Can Such things be? (1893) The Devil’s Dictionary (1911) He uses humor to express his ironic view of the world.

Henry James (1843-1916) He was a realist who expatriated to England and observer of the mind. His realism was a special kind of Psychological realism. Stream of consciousness literature The changing consciousness of the character is the real story.

Early period He dealt with his thoughts and feelings as an American living in Europe He spent most of his time in England Roderick Hudson (1876) The American (1877) Daisy Miller (1879) This works contrasts American “innocence” with European “experience” Middle period The Portrait of a Lady (1881) The drama is created by the thought in her mind.

Mature period Characters talked about the different aspects and possibilities of the situations they are in. Drama comes from changing one way of looking at the world to another way. The Princess Casamassima (1886) The Ambassadors (1903)

Reference www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.naver.com An outline of American Literature