Governance and Regulation: Dr Sarah Hendry

REDUCING REMOVING REUSING RECOVERING BURDEN VALUABLE RESOURCE WASTEWATER: v Not a BURDEN REUSING v but a VALUABLE RESOURCE RECOVERING 4 R’s v

Definitions Wastewater or effluent: Blackwater: Greywater: domestic effluent (blackwater / greywater); water from commercial premises; industrial effluent; stormwater and other urban runoff; and agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture runoff Wastewater or effluent: generated from the toilet... contains urine, faeces, flushwater and/or toilet paper. Blackwater: generated from a washing machine, bathtub, shower or bathroom sink … Greywater: Treated (‘fit-for-purpose’) wastewater that can be used under controlled conditions for beneficial purposes within the same establishment or industry (or for irrigation) Recycled (or Reclaimed) water: Use of untreated, partially treated or treated wastewater Water reuse/wastewater use:

Context 800m people lack ‘improved’ DW; 1.6bn may lack safe DW; 2.6bn still lack even basic sanitation Est 850,000 deaths directly caused by inadequate water services yearly, including 360,000 under 5’s. >99% water, and <1% waste >80% of WW globally is not treated Wastewater widely used for agriculture / aquaculture Return on investment is $5.5 / $1 spend Energy and nutrients…

Consumption and WW Production 4000km2 water abstracted annually; 44% consumed 56% -> WW Source: WWDR 2017; Based on data from AQUASTAT (n.d.a.); Mateo-Sagasta et al. (2015); and Shiklomanov (1999). Contributed by Sara Marjani Zadeh (FAO).

Sustainable Development Goals Goal 6 – all aspects of water: DW; sanitation; water management; transboundary cooperation; Target 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

Stakeholder engagement Law, Policy, Governance International, regional, national, local Actors and Roles Powers and Duties; Rights and Liabilities Definitions Treatment options Standard-setting Water reuse Waste management Economic regulation Stakeholder engagement User perceptions

Policy-making and Implementation

International Law UN Convention on Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Customary Law Regional Agreements Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements Chemicals, waste UNECE (Helsinki) Convention Transboundary Watercourses & International Lakes UNECE / WHO Protocol on Water and Health

Protecting the Danube and the Black Sea Europe’s second longest river, draining water from 19 states into the Black Sea. Cooperation through transboundary, regional and national laws. International Commission -> Participation Strategy; Funding through the Global Environment Facility. Investment portfolio of nearly 500 projects, worth over US$5 billion Since 2010, the Budapest Central Wastewater Treatment Plant treats 95% of the wastewater from Budapest, recovering nutrients and energy. See www.icpdr.org/main/danube-basin

EU Law - Waste / Land EU waste policy and ‘circular economy’ ‘3R’s’ – reduce, recycle, reuse precautionary and polluter pays principles Framework Directive on Waste (2008/98/EC) Closing loops, recovering resources Directive on sewage sludge in agriculture non-waterborne sanitation management of sludge. EU waste policy and ‘circular economy’ 1986… Solid waste legislation highly relevant

EU law – Water Water Framework Directive Water quality / ecosystems Surface and groundwater Cost recovery for water services Authorisation of discharges Water Framework Directive collection and primary treatment p.e. >2,000 biological (secondary) treatment p.e. > 10,000 Sensitive waters -tertiary treatment Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive ‘Emerging’ pollutants Solvents, heavy metals, pesticides 33 substances, 2008; extended to 45, 2013 EU Priority Substances Directive

Resource Recovery Energy Biogas Heating / cooling Electricity generation On-site sludge / biosolids Reduce energy consumption, carbon Nutrients N, P cause eutrophication Phosphates increasingly expensive to mine Urine contains 88% of the P and 60% of the N in human waste Human waste could provide 22% of global P demand

Water Reuse Industrial wastewater Agricultural drainage Water cascades large businesses at the forefront Industrial wastewater source of GW recharge; basin-wide / IWRM type approach Agricultural drainage using successively for less high quality may depend on geography Water cascades eg parks, public spaces Municipal use for non-drinking water newbuild; retrofit? Building regs? Plumbers? Greywater use most sensitive Reuse for drinking, food production Externalities… Price v price of raw water?

Water Reuse (2) WHO guidelines on use of wastewater, greywater, excreta Widely used in agriculture and aquaculture – may / not be adequate safeguards Safety of users and consumers ‘Yuck’ factor

Water Reuse – the EU Standards for water reuse / water efficiency in buildings? EU considering legislation – 8 MS use reclaimed water commonly 6 have domestic standards, 2 in development Competition / free movement

Water Reuse for DW Use WW to recharge GW or return to surface waters for mixing with DW sources Issues of acceptability; and standards of WW treatment High level treatment then out to sea is waste!

Brexit – free movement, trade – what rules? Conclusions Brexit – environmental law, UWWTD, water reuse – future investment / technical standards? Brexit – free movement, trade – what rules? Worldwide –make provision for the poorest – non-waterborne, basic facilities; small-scale / onsite; Whilst also developing at cutting-edge, managing ‘new’ pollutants, water efficiency; Reduce; Remove; Reuse; Recover – huge opportunities for innovation, resource recovery, water reuse.

Thank you! Questions and Comments Welcome