Dr Susie Schofield Senior lecturer / eLearning lead

Outline Who we are Who our students are Why the need for support Engaging with feedback Why we chose to use a wiki

Who we are http://www.dusa.co.uk/advertising/

Our students 2,800 graduates 2,234 current 90% doctors 75% UK

Why they need support Isolation - non-cohort, no deadlines, no groups Distance learning Health professionals -> social science May be long gap since university studies 25% international students Academic writing Reflection / self-evaluation Critical evaluation of education literature Plagiarism / academic integrity ICT skills Interaction with feedback

Get an orange cover sheet and get rid of that beast! What is feedback Get an orange cover sheet and get rid of that beast!

Feedback encapsulates: Where am I going? (learner oriented goal) How am I going? (current performance) Where to next? (or how do I get there?) (Hattie & Timperley, 2007)

What the literature says “Feedback should help the student understand more about the learning goal, and more ways to bridge the gap between their current status and the desired status” (Sadler 2010) “Feedback should be conceptualised as a dialogical and contingent two-way process that involves coordinated teacher–student and peer-to-peer interaction as well as active learner engagement” (Nicol, 2010) “Feedback should serve the function of progressively enabling students to better monitor, evaluate and regulate their own learning, independently of the teacher” (Nicol & Macfarlane-Dick, 2006)

And yet Feedback often monologic Teachers often spend considerable time writing feedback to assignments Students may have difficulty understanding feedback therefore limiting its contribution to future development Students have often progressed by the time they receive feedback without opportunities for dialogue Heavy reliance on ‘transmitted’ tutor feedback can create dependency on the teacher

Engaging with feedback do students read it? do they understand it? do they act on it? can they act on it? How can we reduce student (and tutor) isolation? “Distanced, not disadvantaged”

What are the barriers and enablers to engaging in feedback dialogue What strategies could a tutor or a learner use to improve feedback dialogue

Teacher-focussed strategies Timely turnaround of feedback Improve quality of the feedback Ensure feedback understandable Generate assessment rubrics Look at sequencing of assignments Faculty development and benchmarking Sequencing of assignments can be difficult

Learner-focussed strategies Educate and empower students to take an active role in feedback Engage students in generating assessment criteria and discussing standards Create opportunities for students to process and use feedback (e.g. self-explaining) Engage students in ways to develop evaluative judgements (self- and peer-review) Generate a dialogue about feedback In reflecting about the questions we have chosen perhaps one of the questions should have asked the student to summarise the feedback – David reported that this is analogous to self explanation which Chi et al (1994) report to improve self-monitoring and evaluation. ( For more on self-explaining http://www.learnlab.org/research/wiki/index.php/Prompted_self-explanation_hypothesis) Roscoe, R. & Chi, M. (2008) Tutor learning: the role of explaining and responding to questions, Instructional Science, 36, 321-350. He also reported some work by Cho and MacArthur who showed that students made more complex improvements to their work after receiving feedback from multiple sources. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/103/1/73.html Cho, K., & MacArthur, C. (2011). Learning by reviewing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 73-84. doi:10.1037/a0021950 Reflective knowledge building.

The big question Can we create feedback dialogue in a programme that is… Non cohort Has nearly 2,500 students across the globe Delivered totally online Tutors across the globe And can we use technology to ensure it is acceptable to… Our students and tutors Our administrative staff Our external examiners University QA process 3 year Strand A project (£127k) started Sept 2011

Feedback should be dialogic Feedback is often viewed as something that is ‘given’ to a student to correct their errors However feedback should be seen as a process of communication Communication is an on-going evolving dialogue Meaning is negotiated between individuals Takes account respective ideas, feelings and points of view

Assessment design should afford opportunities for feedback to be used in future assignments Developmental perspective on feedback Should not be viewed as a single occurrence Should be viewed as a series of pedagogical opportunities Taking a programmatic approach enables evidence of learning from feedback to be documented and for feedback to serve to help improve learners’ work in the future This principle relates to taking a programmatic approach to assessment and so demands a developmental perspective on feedback. Rather than viewing feedback as a single occurrence or a ‘knee jerk’ reaction to a piece of work (Boud and Molloy, 2013), it should be seen as a series of pedagogical opportunities optimised across the lifetime of the programme. Taking a programmatic approach enables evidence of learning from feedback to be documented and for feedback to serve to help improve learners’ work in the future – also known as feedforward.

Feedback should develop evaluative judgements and monitoring of own work Learning is enhanced when learners are: Self-regulating Actively engaging in setting learning goals Selecting strategies for achieving these goals Monitoring their progress toward these goals Reflecting on feedback and processing it through self-explanation has been shown to improve self-monitoring and evaluation Feedback should serve the function of progressively enabling students to better monitor, evaluate and regulate their own learning, independently of the teacher. Learning is enhanced when learners are self-regulating, actively engaging in setting learning goals, selecting strategies for achieving these goals and monitoring their progress toward these goals (Nicol and Macfarlane‐Dick, 2006). This principle fits in with capabilities for life-long learning where graduates are required to seek external, credible sources of data to inform their performance and progress. Enhancing students’ ability to accurately self-monitor should reduce reliance on teachers and is a skill that should transfer into their working lives beyond university (Boud and Falchikov, 2006). The rationale here is that tutors’ tacit knowledge around assessment is the result of multiple evaluative judgements and seeing different ways of addressing the task (Nicol and Macfarlane‐Dick, 2006). Therefore tutors develop an internal calibration for quality and comparability. Although assessment criteria and standards are an attempt at defining what is expected to students, they cannot fully communicate such tacit knowledge. Students need to be given the opportunity to take part in the process of making academic judgements to help them develop ‘appropriate evaluative expertise themselves’ and so make more sense of and take greater control of their own learning (Sadler, 2010, Boud and Associates, 2010). Such structured opportunities should help them to develop the ability to evaluate the quality, completeness and/or accuracy of their work and also to develop the confidence to communicate their judgments (Boud and Associates, 2010, Sadler, 1989).

Students should be empowered to seek and query feedback Fits with capabilities for life-long learning where graduates are required to seek external, credible sources of data to inform their performance and progress Questioning feedback legitimised Self-assessment cannot be seen as a global skill and is notably unreliable (Kruger and Dunning, 1999). This makes the role of feedback even more important in helping learners to calibrate their judgements about their work and in maintaining competence (Sargeant et al., 2010). Lockyer and colleagues (2011) conducted a qualitative study of external data sources used by physicians to inform their self-assessment. They identified that data of varying quality, often according with their choices and judgement and with implicit standards, are typically used. Therefore, physicians may benefit from regular and routine feedback and guidance on how to seek out data for self-assessment. Recently, two articles in medical education have emphasised the importance of inculcating feedback-seeking behaviours in medical students and trainees (Crommelinck and Anseel, 2013; Bok et al., 2013). Self-regulation hinges on learners being able to access and interpret information that indicates how their present performance relates to their learning goals (Nicol and Macfarlane‐Dick, 2006). Requiring students to reflect on feedback and to process it through self-explanation has been shown to improve self-monitoring and evaluation (Roscoe and Chi, 2008). Evaluating feedback from peers has also shown that students made more complex improvements to their work after receiving feedback from multiple sources (Cho and MacArthur, 2011). Further engaging in the process of providing peer review is beneficial to students’ learning as they learn about feedback, alternative ways of approaching the task, and different standards of work, prompting an assessment of how they can improve their own work (Nicol, 2013).

Five key innovations with the use of InterACT: Programmatic design of assessment with emphasis on sequencing of assignments, formative tasks and feedforward Structured opportunities for self-evaluation and feedback-seeking in the cover page Scaffolded reflection on feedback and structured processing of feedback by students and staff Creation of a space for dialogue on assessment and feedback between students and staff (wiki) One programmatic repository for each student’s work giving quick access to individual student and all staff

Phase 1 Student downloads assignment rubric and cover-page Student completes and submits cover-page and assignment Tutor marks assignment and comments on cover-page Tutor sends email to student

Content (understanding of theory / principles and application to own context) - Understanding of learning theory - Evidence of critical reflection on learning theory and key learning and teaching principles - Evidence of application of learning theory to own practice Self-evaluation:   Tutor feedback: Style, format and language (e.g. structure, coherence, flow, formatting, use of language) Sources and references (e.g. range of references cited, relevance, consistency, accuracy and completeness of referencing) Which aspect(s) of your assignment would you specifically like feedback on? Student comment: How did previous feedback inform this assignment? Name of Tutor: Date:

Phase 2 Student downloads marked assignment Student uploads document into wiki Student reflects on feedback/answers questions; tutor receives automatic alert Tutor comments on student reflection; student receives automatic alert

4 reflective questions How well does the tutor feedback match with your self-evaluation? What did you learn from the feedback process? What actions, if any, will you take in response to the feedback process? What if anything is unclear about the tutor feedback? Stage 2: reflective journal using wiki Engages students in processing of feedback Individualised per student (but all tutors have access) Pre-populated one page per core assignment Each page contains 4 reflective questions: When you receive your assignment with feedback please upload a copy to your wiki and include a reflection on the following four questions: How well does the tutor feedback match with your self-evaluation? What did you learn from the feedback process? What actions, if any, will you take in response to the feedback process? What if anything is unclear about the tutor feedback?

Why a wiki? Programmatic Easy to use for admin / students / tutors Can be automatically populated with questions Separate page for each core assignment Access can be limited to student owner + relevant staff Single log-in Can subscribe to get own wiki updates Can upload files, links and other multimedia Can add extra pages as and when needed

Aspects I would like feedback on ….. Ideas of not preparing too rigidly in order to be flexible within sessions – practical advice would be welcomed! As the first essay I have written in nearly 20 years, I would like to know whether the standard overall was acceptable Please advise me how I can enter a specific page number in a reference when using Endnote (I wanted to add “p. 58” to the first reference used in the text since this is an exact quote, but failed to find out how I can do it, despite using the help option of the software). Feedback on whether my peers have had similar thoughts for their own teaching, or other ideas that have been commonly developed would be beneficial in case I have not thought or considered them. any part of it

How did previous feedback inform this assignment ….. It made me realise that instead of focusing on a single or a few key teaching principles, I focused on many of them without going into much detail. Also I had used bullet points in the text. Feedback that my writing style was agreeable was reassuring. I appreciated knowing my use of literature was valid and supportive in the previous assignment, so have tried to continue applying the literature to my work. I tried to be careful to define and reference jargon It was really helpful in writing present assignment

What did you learn from the feedback process? I already feel that reflection is a more satisfying process than I anticipated. Feedback also makes me feel like the efforts I take with assignments are recognized I found the tutor feedback concise and helpful. It is more than I expected for the induction assignment; I am grateful for this. Thanks! I really like the cover sheet and request for self assessment and what you would like feedback about ... consistent with principles of feedback!!

Thanks to The team: Dr Rola Ajjawi; Dr Susie Schofield; Ms Karen Barton; Mr Grant Murray; Dr David Walker; Dr Sean McAleer; Ms Natalie Lafferty; Dr Lorraine Walsh Our reference group JISC for funding our project HEA for funding our interim workshop And of course our students and staff both academic and administrative for all the input and patience

References Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81-112. Kluger, AN & DeNisi, A (1996) The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin 119:254-84 Nicol, D. J., & Macfarlane‐Dick, D. (2006). Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199-218. Nicol, D. (2010). From monologue to dialogue: improving written feedback processes in mass higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(5), 501 - 517. Sadler, D. R. (2010) Beyond feedback: developing student capability in complex appraisal. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35:5, 535-550. Veloski, J., Boex, J. R., Grasberger, M. J., Evans, A., & Wolfson, D. B. (2006). Systematic review of the literature on assessment, feedback and physicians’ clinical performance: BEME Guide No. 7. Medical Teacher, 28(2), 117-128

Thank you Dr Susie Schofield s.j.Schofield@dundee.ac.uk Senior Lecturer Centre for Medical Education University of Dundee