Key issues and challenges facing the Canadian criminal justice system June 2017

Population demographics CANADA YEAR 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 POPULATION 34,750.5 35,155.5 35,544.6 35,848.6 36,286.4 % CHANGE 1.2 1.1 0.9 CHANGE THOUSANDS 407.8 404.9 389.1 304.0 437.8

Population demographics MANITOBA YEAR 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 POPULATION 1,250.3 1,265.5 1,281.0 1,296.0 1,318.1 % CHANGE 1.3 1.2 1.7 CHANGE THOUSANDS 16.5 15.3 15.4 15.0 22.1

The Canadian criminal justice system Unlike the U.S., the federal government has exclusive power to pass/change criminal laws, including offences, criminal procedure, sentencing and corrections law (for practices regarding persons serving sentences of 2 years or more).

Defining the issues/challenges Similarities with U.S. experience: Crime rate generally decreasing, some increases in last few years of total, violent and property crimes Increasing court delays/median time to complete cases Increasing corrections population and large increasing proportion in remand Increasing incarceration rates Increasing case complexity Increasing pressure on resources Increasing costs

Crime Rates Incident Based Crime Statistics, by detailed violations, annual, per 100,000 Population Canada Crime Rates 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total, all Criminal Code violations (including traffic) 7977 7980 7891 8143 7979 7703 7621 7310 7068 6896 6579 6203 6038 5581 5410 5549 Total violent Criminal Code violations 1494 1473 1441 1435 1404 1389 1387 1354 1334 1322 1292 1236 1197 1093 1041 1062 Total property crime violations 5189 5124 5080 5299 5123 4884 4809 4525 4258 4122 3838 3536 3435 3147 3090 3220 Manitoba Crime Rates 11160 11775 11620 12869 13031 12098 11959 11320 10343 11027 10299 9494 9345 8311 8037 8444 Total violent Criminel Code violations 2386 2297 2272 2275 2221 2199 2123 2026 2042 2178 2219 2093 2069 1850 1722 1790 6979 7447 7306 8250 8354 7797 7767 7166 6189 6692 5750 4973 4962 4305 4324 4706

Trends, crime rate, adult Canada: Decrease of 13 years; increase in violent, property and total crimes from 2014. Manitoba: Decrease over 13 years; increase in violent, property and total crimes from 2014. Rates higher than Canada rates. In 2015, among the provinces, Manitoba had second highest violent crime rate and total crime rate, and fourth highest property crime rate; highest robbery rate for 22nd straight year, and second highest rate for major assault, break and enter and homicide.

Adult criminal courts, cases by median elapsed time in days, annual (number unless otherwise noted) Canada Adult Criminal Court Median (days) Case Completion Time 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 Total Criminal Code 124 125 126 123 120 118 116 119 Crimes against the person 154 159 160 162 157 158 167 174 176 Crimes against property 111 113 114 110 103 99 100 107 104 Manitoba Adult Criminal Court Median (days) Case Completion Time 127 136 152 135 156 148 182 191 189 185 197 213 218 208 144 155 175 146 184 179 Canada Count 338109 334839 345554 348999 360271 358765 341786 334443 328407 284063 93979 92336 94063 95114 96688 94720 93223 91027 87887 76888 96629 94268 94570 93056 98180 97914 91380 88661 85300 76356 Manitoba 16916 15423 15354 16190 17192 17637 17150 17581 17959 16806 5250 4613 4437 4672 4685 4820 4796 4810 4818 4600 4075 3364 2917 3117 3398 3441 2989 3025 3254 3178

Trends, median elapsed time delays Canada: Increasing median case completion days for crimes against the person. Manitoba: Increasing median case completion days for total Criminal Code, crimes against property and crimes against the person. Lengthier median days for all crimes than Canada.

Adult correctional services, average counts of adults in provincial and territorial programs, annual Incarceration rates Canada Adult Remand and Sentenced Custody Counts Custodial and community supervision 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 Provinces and Territories Sentenced, actual-in count (persons) 10914.6 10900.6 10555 9851.1 9691.5 9476.2 9982.7 9799.3 9931.2 10045.1 10921.6 11137.6 11137.7 9888 10363.6 10091.4 Remand, actual-in count (persons) 7401.4 7943.8 8703.7 9173.6 9787 11040.3 12168.9 12972.7 13548 13739.3 13086.3 13369.3 13739 11494.1 13650.3 14898.9 Manitoba Adult Remand and Sentenced Custody Counts Manitoba 596.1 544.8 560.4 515 487.4 485.3 510.6 488.7 509.6 580.9 721 817.8 823.9 888.1 845 826.5 520 570 620 715 659.4 863 986.3 1067.1 1132.6 1289.3 1298.2 1434.6 1600.9 1482.1 1542 1597.8 Manitoba Incarceration Rates Incarceration rates per 100,000 adults (rate) 130.15 129.17 135.68 140 129.03 150.6 166.02 171.31 179.12 201.85 215.46 237.61 251.69 242.34 240.44 241.85 Provincial/Territorial Incarceration Rates 79.56 80.18 80.77 78.67 79.43 82.74 87.73 89.1 90.49 90.29 90.56 90.53 86.48 85.46 87.9

Incarceration Rates, Manitoba/Provinces/Territories

Provincial/Territorial Incarceration Rates

Manitoba Incarceration Rates

Canada Adult Remand and Sentenced Custody Counts 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2016/2016

Manitoba Adult Remand and Sentenced Custody Counts 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2006/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016

Trends, incarceration and adult custody (2000/2001 – 2015/2016) Incarceration rates (per 100,000 adults): Canada < 10.5% Manitoba < 86% Remand custody counts (average daily): Canada < 101% Manitoba < 207% Sentenced custody counts (average daily): Canada > 7.5% Manitoba < 39% Remand % vs. custody % (snapshot – 2006/2007 – 2015/2016) Canada - Remand (54-60%) < 6%, Sentenced (46-44%) >2% Manitoba – Remand 66% - unchanged, Sentenced 34% - unchanged

Delay in the criminal justice system S. 11(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms – right to be tried within a reasonable time. Remedy for violation = judicial stay of proceedings. Across Canada, delays in the criminal justice system is significant concern, leading to cases lost or in jeopardy due to delay. The concern was intensified with the Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Jordan (2016).

R. v. Jordan The Supreme Court of Canada acknowledged the existing “culture of delay”. Set presumptive ceilings beyond which delay would presumptively be unreasonable unless the Crown demonstrates exceptional circumstances were involved (18 months in proceedings in Provincial Court, and 30 months for more serious indictable matter proceedings in the Court of Queen’s Bench).

Canada - applications for delay since Jordan From July 2016 to April 13, 2017, 1205 applications for delay were brought across Canada, seeking judicial stay or proceedings: 15% granted (180/1205) 21% dismissed (250/1205) 37% pending or outcome unknown (446/1205) 27% includes abandoned applications, Crown stays, and matters resolved otherwise (without a ruling on stay application) (329/1205)

Manitoba - applications for delay Pre Jordan, approximately 12 applications per year (one per month) brought. Post Jordan (July 2016 to April 2017), 48 applications brought (16 dismissed (3 are under appeal), 9 withdrawn by counsel, 1 successful motion, 14 currently before the court and 8 resolved without determination made on motion.

Delay - priority The Jordan decision , and its impact, continues to be discussed in multiple federal-provincial-territorial (FPT) fora, including by Ministers, Deputy Ministers, and officials; and at provincial/territorial levels.

Federal Provincial Territorial Meeting of Ministers of Justice, April 2017 Purpose: Discuss action taken and ways to strategically address delays in the criminal justice system. Ministers agreed on the need for targeted criminal law reform. The federal Minister committed to further legislative action. Ministers identified mandatory minimum penalties, bail, administration of justice offences, preliminary inquiries, and reclassification of offences as priorities for legislative reform. Officials directed to develop recommendations on reform options, on a priority basis.

Impact of Jordan in Manitoba Jordan decision compounded problem of front end pressures particularly for Manitoba.

Costs Federal operating expenditures in 2015/2016 for correctional services in Canada totaled over $4.6 billion (-2% from 2014/2015). Manitoba’s total operating expenditures in 2015/2016 for its adult correctional system were $205.4 million (+6% from 2014/2015).

Federal forum Prime Minister mandate to the federal Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, directs: 1) Criminal justice system review of changes and sentencing reforms over the past decade. 2) Modernization efforts to improve efficiency and effectiveness of criminal justice system.

Federal Criminal Justice System review Examination of bail regime, mandatory minimum penalty regime, restorative justice processes and other sentencing components. Outcomes: increased use of restorative justice processes, and other initiatives to reduce the rate of incarceration rate amongst Indigenous Canadians.

Modernization efforts To improve efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. Outcomes: improved use of information technology, exploration of sentencing alternatives and bail reform.

Challenges to address Similar processes/issues as U.S. Focus on reducing pressures and costs at front end Increase case velocity Create court time for in custody cases Decrease custody rate, in particular remand Proportionality – focus on serious violent and repeat offenders Pursue alternatives to formal traditional court for other offenders, to address root causes of crime and decrease reoffending Opportunity for reinvestment Need efficiencies to reduce costs