Skeletal System Word Bank Occipital Metacarpals Scapula Radius Sternum Femur Clavicle Tarsals Mandible Tibia Ilium Humerus Ulna Fibula

Muscular System

Types of Muscles Three main types of muscles Cardiac muscle- Involuntary. It forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood. Visceral or Smooth muscle-Involuntary. Is found in internal organs such as digestive tract and respiratory system. Skeletal muscle- Voluntary. Attached to bones and causes body movement.

Characteristics of Muscles Excitability- Ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse. Contractility-Ability to become shorter and thicker, causes movement. Extensibility-Ability to be stretched. Elasticity-Ability to return to its original shape.

Functions of the Muscular System Provide voluntary movement Produce heat and energy Help maintain posture Protect internal organs

Muscle attachments Tendons- Strong, tough connective-tissue cords. EX. Achilles tendon Fascia- Tough, sheet-like membrane that covers and protects the tissue. Origin- the end of the muscle attached to the non-moving bone. Insertion- the end of the muscle attached to the moving bone.

Disorders of the Muscular System Tendonitis (tendin/o + -itis) Inflammation of the tendon caused by excessive or repetitive use of a joint. Myalgia (my/o + -algia) Muscle tenderness or pain Myorrhexis (my/o + -rrhexis) Rupture of the muscle

Disorders of the Muscular System Dystaxia (dys- + tax/o + ia) Difficulty controlling voluntary movement Contracture Abnormal shortening of the muscle tissue making the muscles resistant to stretching Spasm (cramp) Sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles

Disorders of the Muscular System Myasthenia Gravis Chronic autoimmune disease where there is difficulty in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of extreme muscle weakness. Frequently affects the muscles that control eye movements, eyelids, chewing, swallowing, coughing and facial expression. What kind of problems could the patient have??

Disorders of the Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy (dys + trophy) Group of inherited disorders that lead to chronic, progressive muscular atrophy (shrinking, losing strength). Usually appears in childhood, most tpes lead to total disability and early death. No cure but physical therapy is used to slows the progression.

Disorders of the Muscular System Fibromyalgia (fibr/o + my/o + -algia) Chronic disorder of unknown cause. Causes widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue. This syndrome does not cause joint deformity, is not a progressive illness, and is not crippling. Tender points Abnormal areas of soreness. Usually in predictable locations at the base of the neck, along the spine, in front of the hip and elbow and behind the knee and shoulder.

Disorders of the Muscular System Sprain Injury to a joint (ex. - ankle, knee, wrist). Frequently involves a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments attach bone to bone. Strain Injury to the body of a muscle or the attachment of a tendon. Usually associated with overuse injuries. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Shin Splint Pain caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia. Usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg.

Disorders of the Muscular System Paralysis Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movement due to disease or injury. Damage can be temporary or permanent. Paraplegia Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body. Spinal cord injury is below cervical vertebra

Disorders of the Muscular System Quadriplegia (quadr/i + -plegia) Paralysis of all four extremities. Spinal cord injury involves the cervical vertebra. Above C5, respiration is affected. Hemiplegia (hemi + -plegia) Total paralysis on one side of the body. Usually associated with stroke or brain injury. Damage to one side of brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body.

Diagnostic Procedures Electromyography (electro- + my/o + graphy) Records the strength of the muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation Deep Tendon Reflexes Reflexes are tested with a reflex hammer to strike the tendon. No response or an abnormal response may indicate a disruption of the nerve supply to the involved muscles.

Treatments / Procedures Medications Anti-inflammatory medications (Advil, Motrin) are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation muscular problems. Physical Therapy May be used to restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, etc… to improve circulation, flexibility and muscle strength.

Career Opportunities Physical Therapist Massage Therapist Provide treatments to improve mobility and prevent or limit permanent disability; can subspecialize in sports medicine, pediatrics, geriatrics, etc… Massage Therapist Therapeutic touch to provide pain relief and encourage healing.

Career Opportunities Occupational Therapist Athletic Trainer Treats people with mental, physical, developmental and emotional disabilities helping them to develop or maintain daily living skills. Athletic Trainer Work to prevent and treat athletic injuries and provide rehabilitative services by massage, corrective exercises, diet supervision, and equipment fittings.

Homework Study both notesheets – skeletal and muscular We will have a quiz on the information in the notesheets next class. No need to study the bone/muscle diagram for the quiz but they will be on your exam next week (so be studying them each night).

Time to Practice!! Make sure your name is on the Skeletal/Muscular diagram. Staying together as a group, follow your teacher outside. Form groups of 4 students. One person will lay on the ground while the other members of the group outline your body. Fill in the outline with “bones” and “muscles” from the diagram. Label all bones/muscles that you draw.