Roaring Twenties and Great Depression APUSH Unit 11 1919-1939

1920s Popular Culture WW1 Anxieties Espionage & Sedition Act (1918) Demobilization & Labor Strife Red Scare (1919) Palmer Raids Sacco & Vanzetti (1920, 1927) A. Mitchell Palmer

1920s Popular Culture New Forms of Mass Media Radio Cinema (Movies) Spread National Culture Popular Heroes Charles Lindbergh Awareness of Regional Cultures

Consumerist Economy Dominance of Big Business Glorification of Business Consumer goods New Technologies/Innovations Assembly Lines Electricity Buying on Credit Advertising Higher Standard of Living

Consumerist Economy Impact of the Automobile Aviation Mass Media Henry Ford Aviation Glenn Curtiss Mass Media Economic Opportunities Women International & Internal Migrants The Cost of a Model T Ford, 1908–1924

1920s Cultures in Conflict Gender Roles Women at Home Women at Work Flappers

Billy Sunday 1920s Cultures in Conflict Aimee Semple McPherson Fundamental Christianity vs. Scientific Modernism Radio Revivalists The Scopes Trial (1925) Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan Social Darwinism Eugenics Urban vs. Rural

1920s Cultures in Conflict Prohibition 18th Amendment Volstead Act (1919) Bootlegging & Speakeasies organized crime Al Capone Repealing the Amendment

1920s Cultures in Conflict Great Migration Ku Klux Klan Nativism Northern Race Riots Ku Klux Klan Nativism Quota Laws Emergency Quota Act (1921) Immigration Act (1924) W. Hemisphere immigration?

Cultural Revolution African Americans in the 1920s Civil Rights NAACP Marcus Garvey Universal Negro Improvement Association The Jazz Age Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith

Arts & Literature of the 1920s Harlem Renaissance Poets Langston Hughes Countee Cullen & Claude McKay “Lost Generation” American Idealism vs. Disillusionment

Arts & Literature of the 1920s Frank Lloyd Wright’s functionalism Ashcan School -- Edward Hopper Armory Art Show (1913) Edward Hopper, Nighthawks Frank Lloyd Wright’s Falling Water Edward Hopper, Night Shadows "The Prisoners and the Wounded," October, 1918 by Harvey Dunn Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

Old Guard Returns Harding Years, 1921-1923 Coolidge Years, 1923-1929 “Return to Normalcy” Conservative Economic Agenda Tax Cuts “trickle-down” economics Scandals Teapot Dome (1923) Coolidge Years, 1923-1929 Vetoes & Inaction Hoover & 1928 Election

Crash and Depression Strongest US example of credit and market instability Calls for stronger regulation of the economy Causes of the Depression Stock Market Speculation Tariffs & global trade Bank failures Federal Reserve Monetary policy Gold Standard  Fiat money

Crash and Depression Stock Market Crash Speculation Buying on Margin Dow Jones Industrial Average: 8/24/1921 – 63.9 9/3/1929 – 381.2 Buying on Margin Black Thursday (10/24/1929) 299.47 (9% drop) Black Monday (10/28/1929) 260.64 (13% drop) Black Tuesday (10/29/1929) 230.07 (12% drop) July 8, 1932 – Market bottoms out... 41.22 (89% drop from Sept. 1929)

Crash and Depression Effects of the Crash Bank Closures: 22% by 1932 Business Closures: 30,000 by 1932 Unemployment: 25% nationwide higher in some areas (Chicago: 50%) Drop in total wages (40-50% by 1932) Loss of self-worth Migration of people Deportation & Repatriation Changed role of fed’l gov’t World War II

Crash and Depression Causes of the Depression 11. Philosophy & policies of Hoover admin. 10. Automation 9. American tariff policy 8. Impact of European and World Economy 7. Monopolistic pricing 6. Misdistribution of income & purchasing power 5. Unregulated banking practices 4. Overproduction of industry 3. Overexpansion of credit 2. Overexpansion of agricultural production 1. Stock market speculation and crash

Hoover and the Depression “Rugged Individualism” Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) WW1 Debt Moratorium (1931) Works Programs Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) Bonus March

The Election of 1932 Rep. Hoover vs. Dem. Franklin Roosevelt Hoover as lame-duck president FDR’s Inaugural Address Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover on the way to FDR's inauguration, March 4, 1933

Opponents of the New Deal Supreme Court Conservative Critics American Liberty League Liberal Critics Radicals Labor Unions Populist movements Father Charles Coughlin Dr. Francis E. Townsend Huey Long Huey Long: Every Man a King

FDR’s New Deal New Deal Philosophy The First Hundred Days Progressive Era connection The Three R’s RELIEF to the poor Stimulate economic RECOVERY REFORM the U.S. economy Keynesian Economics (deficit spending) The First Hundred Days

FDR’s New Deal Banking & Money Programs Bank Holiday “Fireside Chats” Emergency Banking Relief Act Glass-Steagall Act (FDIC*) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC*) Bank Failures

FDR’s New Deal Industry and Workers Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Civil Works Administration (CWA) National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA) National Recovery Administration (NRA) Schechter v. US (1935)

Second New Deal (1935) Relief Reform Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Arts Project (FAP) Federal Theater Project (FTP) National Youth Administration (NYA) Reform The Social Security Act* (1935) National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act* (1935) Fair Labor Standards Act* (1938) WPA artist Alfred Castagne painting WPA construction workers, May 19, 1939

Last Phase of the New Deal Election of 1936 – Political Realignment Democratic Coalition African Americans & working-class Americans FDR’s Judiciary Reorganization Bill (1937) “Court-Packing Plan” Recession 1937-1938 Weakened New Deal World War II Deficit spending New Deal Legacy