Sources of solid waste. Waste water. gas emissions Lecture 4 Sources of solid waste. Waste water. gas emissions

The main sources of wastewater Industrial Enterprises Household Enterprise; Large livestock farms; large agricultural complexes; Pulp and Paper industry Mines water; Processing and fusion of timber; Discharges of water and rail transport;

Sewage composition and origin Qualitative composition Phase Composition Genesis Runoff solids Petroleum products, fertilizers SUSPENDED organic compound (60%) minerals (40%) microorganisms and bacteria colloids Houshold Molecular solutions of organic substances Solids Mineral oils and mineral oil, Inorganic acids and salts, alkalis, surfactants ions of heavy metals Industrial Ion solutions

Types of waste water pollution Mechanical - increased content of mechanical impurities (mainly for surface water); Chemical - presence in water soluble organic or inorganic (mineral) compounds of toxic or non-toxic action: acids, alkalis, salts (arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine); hydrocarbons of various structures and their derivatives - more than 1 million substances Bacterial and biological - the presence of organic residues in water (300 - 380 million tons / year), surfactants, nutrients, a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae. Radioactive - the presence of radioactive substances in surface water or groundwater; Heat - heated water of thermal and nuclear ES, industrial effluents

Modern methods of wastewater treatment (Mechanism) Biological: the field of filtration, biological ponds, aeration tanks, digesters, biofilters Physical: magnetic, ultrasound, electric pulse processing, ionizing radiation Physical and chemical: coagulation, flotation, adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, distillation, freezing, electrodialysis, hyperfiltration, reverse osmosis Methods Mechanical: sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, microfiltration, hydro cyclones, filter-press Chemical: oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, liquid phase and vapor-phase oxidation), reduction, neutralization, complexation

Technological purification scheme Depends on: the concentration (amount) of impurities particle size (the phase state in the solution) the speed of the processes, mechanism of action

Mechanical methods Mechanical impurities (coarse particles) are removed, depending on the dimensions by: bars, screens, sand traps, septic tanks and manure catchers of different designs; Surface contamination - oil trap, oil and gasoline catchers, settlers and others. It allows to select 60-75% of insoluble impurities from the household waters, and up to 95% - from industrial waters

Sand catchers for runoff coalescing unit settlers

Oil catchers: Principe of work

Oil catchers for runoff horizontal vertical

Vertical sorption filter Sorbents: IIM-C, made from porous natural active coal; Sand; caolin; peat; silica gel and others material with highly developed surface

Bio-filter construction

Common scheme of runoff treatment Oil catchers Sand catchers Adsorption filter

Technological scheme

Biological methods based on the chemical and biological self-purification of water bodies - the biological oxidation of organic and some inorganic substances as a result of microbial contaminants using sewage as nutrient substrate Cleaning Performance (oxidation rate, efficiency) are dependent on temperature, mixing intensity, oxygen concentration, the content of toxic substances and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) degree of recirculation of the activated sludge.

Participating groups of bacteria: a - enzymatic acidogenes, MECHANISM OF METHANE FERMENTATION MAIN ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: hydrocarbons, proteins, fats 1-ST STAGE - HYDROLISIS SIMPLE SOLUBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES 2-ND STAGE – ACID FORMATION Acetates, butyrates, propionates, alcohols 3-D STAGE – ACETIC ACID FORMATION 4-TH STAGE –METHANE FORMATION Participating groups of bacteria: a - enzymatic acidogenes, b- acetogenes forming H2, c- acetogenes using H2 d- methanogenes, reducing CO2, f - methanogenes using acetate

CHEMICAL STAGES OF METHANE FORMATION SIMPLE ORGANIC SUBSTANSES: AMINO ACIDS, LONG CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, SUGARS, ETS PROTEINS, HYDROCARBONS, FATS SIMPLE ORGANIC SUBSTANSES “B” - BACTERIA “C” - BACTERIA “E” - BACTERIA “D” - BACTERIA

Fields of filtration

Bio-filters