“ICT Policy for Civil Society” Curriculum Produced by APC and CTO Internet Governance “ICT Policy for Civil Society” Curriculum Produced by APC and CTO Adding local content to this session When did this country or region first get connected to the Internet? Was the first connection academic or commercial? How many local Internet users are there? Which organisation allocated IP addresses for this region? How many ISPs are there in the country or region? What are the local country code domains? What sorts of backbone infrastructure is in use in the region?

Session outcomes Participants will be able to : Identify key Internet players and their roles Describe the domain name system

1. Key Players: Role of the ISP Technical role Sometimes performs the role of the network administrator Under pressure to control flow of information Inconvenient content: Spam/unsolicited mail Copyright material: MP3 music files, pirate movies Illegal material: Child porn, hate speech Monitor users: Security concerns

Key Players:ICANN & its substructures Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ASO = Address Support Organisation Policy recommendations and advice relating to IP addresses PSO = Protocol Support Organisation Policy recommendations and advice relating to the assignment of Internet protocol parameters. DNSO = Domain Names Support Organisation Policy recommendations and advice relating to domain names and the DNS. RSSAC = Root Server System Advisory Committee Advises the board on issues relating to the operation and stability of the root server system GAC = Government Advisory Committee Issues of concern to governments At Large membership Represent the interests of Internet users world-wide

Key Players: Address organisations

Key Players: Address organisations 2 IP address registries Manage numbers Historically work on a trust model Hierarchical assignment structure LIRs = Local Internet Registries(not country specific) Who are they and where are they? ARIN = North America RIPE NCC = Europe (+ western Asia) APNIC = Asia/Pacific AFRINIC = Africa (currently ARIN/RIPE NCC) LACNIC = Latin America/Caribbean (currently ARIN)

Other Key Players The Internet Society (ISOC) ISP associations Chapters in many parts of the world ISP associations National organisations: ISPAs Regional organisations: EuroISPA, AfrISPA Global organisation: World ISPA forum Governments Legislation Increasing amounts of co-operation

2. Domain name system Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) .COM, .ORG, .NET, (.EDU) One registry, many registrars .GOV, .MIL, .INT Special requirements Country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs) ISO 3166-A Assigned on a first-come basis New domains Generic: .info, .biz Special: .aero, .museum Actually ccTLSs: .tv, .to, .nu, .ws

Domain names issues Domains vs. Trademarks Cybersquatting Domain theft Multiple trademarks, but only one .com domain Legal jurisdiction unclear Cybersquatting Registering a domain with the intention of reselling it Domain theft Stealing a domain through cunning or fraud Alternative root name servers

Summary Many structures are already in place for self-governance of the Internet Some are informal (the rules of netiquette), some formal (ICANN) Domain names have become valuable

Summary questions Identify some key Internet players and their roles What is the function of the domain name system?