RFID Based Access Control System using 8051 Access control system designed using 8051 micro controller and em-18 RFID module Submitted By:

Table of Contents Project Objective Block Diagram Hardware Components Component Descriptions Software Requirements Working Model Applications Enhancements Conclusion

Project Overview Provide security to organizations Access allowed only to authorized personnel with a valid RFID tag Designed using 8051 micro controller and EM-18 RFID module Status messages are displayed on 16x2 LCD module Output controlled via DC relay.

Block Diagram

Hardware Components Component Specification Microcontroller 8051 Series (AT89S51) RFID Reader EM-18 Reader module (125Khz) RFID Tags Card Type (125Khz) LCD Module 16x2 LCD - JHD162A Relay 12 volts, SPDT Voltage Regulator 7805 (5 volts IC), 7812 (12 volts IC) Rectifier W10 Bridge Transistor 2N2222 (for driving relay) Transformer 12-0-12 Others Crystal,Capacitors, Resistors, Switches, Diodes,Connectors, Power cable

Microcontroller - 8051 AT89S51 – is the 8051 variant from Atmel A micro controller is an integrated circuit or a chip with a processor and other support devices like program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial communication interface etc integrated together.

8051 – Internal Architecture Block Diagram

8051 – Pin Diagram

8051 - Pin Descriptions Pin-40 : Named as Vcc is the main power source. Usually its +5V DC. Pins 32-39: Known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) – In addition to serving as I/O port, lower order address and data bus signals are multiplexed with this port (to serve the purpose of external memory interfacing). This is a bi directional I/O port (the only one in 8051) and external pull up resistors are required to function this port as I/O. Pin-31:- ALE aka Address Latch Enable is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port 0 (for external memory interfacing.)  2 ALE pulses are available for each machine cycle. Pin-30:- EA/ External Access input is used to enable or disallow external memory interfacing. If there is no external memory requirement, this pin is pulled high by connecting it to Vcc. Pin- 29:- PSEN or Program Store Enable is used to read signal from external program memory. Pins- 21-28:- Known as Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) – in addition to serving as I/O port, higher order address bus signals are multiplexed with this quasi bi directional port. Pin 20:- Named as Vss – it represents ground (0 V) connection. Pins 18 and 19:- Used for interfacing an external crystal to provide system clock. Pins 10 – 17:- Known as Port 3. This port also serves some other functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals for external memory interfacing RD and WR , serial communication signals RxD and TxD etc. This is a quasi bi directional port with internal pull up. Pin 9:- As explained before RESET pin is used to set the 8051 microcontroller to its initial values, while the microcontroller is working or at the initial start of application. The RESET pin must be set high for 2 machine cycles. Pins 1 – 8:- Known as Port 1. Unlike other ports, this port does not serve any other functions. Port 1 is an internally pulled up, quasi bi directional I/O port.

8051 – Reset Circuitry

RFID Reader Module a module with a demodulator, coil and associated electronics. RFID reader is an active device and should be powered The coil serves as exciter for the RFID tag (to energise the coil inside the tag) and also as an antenna for receiving the signal propagated by the RFID tag The electronic circuit demodulates this signal and converts it into a form suitable for the next stage

RFID Tags have an integrated chip embedded inside it which will energise itself in an electromagnetic field The chip inside this RFID tag stores a unique information which we call as the RFID key ­ which is usually a 12 digit code Unique RFID key – read by an RFID Reader Comes in many shapes – smart cards, key tags, buttons etc comes with a chip with memory to store RFID identification code, a coil and a modulator. coil is to energize the chip via electro magnetic induction modulator modulates the RFID code/key according to the frequency Coil also serves as an antenna to transfer information in air medium

LCD Module 16×2 LCD module - consists 16 rows and 2 columns Model – Hitachi JHD162A comes in a 16 pin package with back light ,contrast adjustment function

16x2 LCD Module – Pin Description Pin No: Name  Function 1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground 2 VCC  Positive supply voltage pin (5V DC) 3 VEE Contrast adjustment 4 RS Register selection 5 R/W Read or write 6 E  Enable 7 DB0  Data 8 DB1 9 DB2 10 DB3 11 DB4 12 DB5 13 DB6 14 DB7 15 LED+  Back light LED+ 16 LED-  Back light LED-

Interfacing LCD Module to 8051

Relay 12 Volts DC Relay (SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw) A relay is an electrically operated switch Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. Example: a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical. A relay needs a driver circuit (which provides necessary current). Relay driving circuit can be designed using a transistor (2N2222) or an IC (ULN2003)

Relay – Connections and Operation Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.

7805 – 5V Regulator 5V supply is essential for 8051 and RFID module Input voltage range 7V- 35V Current rating Ic = 1A Output voltage range   VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V Heat Exchange is necessary if input voltage is higher

7812 – 12V Regulator 12V supply is essential for the 12V DC relay Input voltage range 14V- 35V Current rating Ic = 1A Output voltage range   VMax=12.2V ,VMin=11.8V

W10 – Bridge Rectifier Bridge rectifier is used to convert AC supply (from step down transformer) to DC supply To reduce size of circuit, a single unit bridge rectifier – W10 is used

2N2222 – Transistor 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low- power amplifying or switching applications Used to drive relay in this application by providing appropriate current amplification

Software Requirements Software development involves 4 stages: Stage 1 → Saving the authorized RFID keys Stage 2 → Reading an RFID Tag for comparison Stage 3 → Comparing the read RFID key with the saved values Stage 4 → Output - grant or deny access based on comparison stage output Languages: Assembly (MCS-51 instruction set) or Embedded C|Compiler: Keil or MIDE-51

Working Model We store a set of RFID tag data (unique RFID codes/keys) inside our program/system, say 3 or 10 RFID tag data The system comprises of a micro controller (8051 series), an RFID Reader module, an LCD module (16x2) to display messages, a 12 volts relay (to control output), and a power supply circuitry to give power to microcontroller, RFID module, LCD module and the relay When the person with the right RFID tag come and swipes his RFID tag near the RFID reader, access will be granted. When the person with the wrong RFID card swipes his RFID tag, access will be denied. The 16x2 LCD module will display different status messages.

Expected Outputs To demonstrate actual working of the project, a lamp bulb is used instead of the door (and the solenoid lock). The lamp bulb is interfaced to the RFID system using an SPDT relay. An LCD module (16x2) is used to display status messages. There are two possible outputs! One for Successful Access and one for Failed Access! 1) Successful Access :-­ If the RFID Tag data read by RFID Reader matches with any of the stored RFID Tag data inside program memory of 8051, we consider this as a Successful Access. A message “Access Granted” will be displayed on LCD Module. The relay will be turned ON (for 30 seconds) and hence the lamp bulb will glow indicating the door is opened. The relay will be closed after the set time (say 30 seconds) so as to prevent any further access. 2) Failed Access ­:- If the RFID Tag data read by RFID Reader does not match with any of the stored RFID Tag data inside program memory of 8051, we consider this as a Failed Access. A message “Access Denied” will be displayed on the LCD Module. The relay will not be turned ON and hence the lamp bulb will also be kept OFF

Applications Manufacturing Supply Chain, Logistics & Distribution Security And Access Control Parking, Bay And Terminal Management Tool Collection

Enhancements The project can be enhanced with the addition of a GSM module. A new system can be setup with the help of a GSM module to send SMS to a set of mobile numbers when someone access the system successfully or unsuccessfully (or for both events). The same system can also be modified into an RFID based Attendance management system with the addition of an RTC module and a bigger LCD display.

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