British Imperialism in India As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seizes Indian territory and soon it controls almost the whole subcontinent.

British Expand Control Over India

East India Company Dominates British East India Company rules India until the 1850s. Company has its own army led by British officers Army is staffed by Sepoys—Indian soldiers. Flag of the British East India Company (right); A painting showing a sowar (Sepoy), 6th Madras Light Cavalry of British India. Circa 1845 (below)

Britain’s Jewel in the Crown” India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown.” Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing Also forced to buy British goods

British Transport Trade Goods Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Trade in specific crops is tied to international events

Impact of Colonialism British hold much of political and economic power Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency and cause famine Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes British modernize India’s economy, improve public health

Sepoy Mutiny: Underlying and Immediate Causes Underlying Causes Religious Frictions: Some British officers actively attempted to convert the sepoys to Christianity although the British East India Company discouraged it. The sepoys resented imposing Christianity and Christian laws in India. Doctrine of the Lapse: The Company automatically seized land from a feudal leader who died without leaving an heir. Unfair justice system toward Indians. British officers accused of crimes against Indians were granted multiple appeals and advantages when being tried. High Caste Sepoys: The Bengal Army of sepoys were recruited from a higher caste of Indians. Therefore, if the high caste sepoys were considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. Immediate Cause The Enfield Rifle: It required the solder to bite the cartridge and hold the ball in his mouth when loading the rifle. The belief that the cartridge was lubricated with animal fat (either pork or beef) offended both Muslims and Hindus.

The old gun: an India pattern smoothbore Brown Bess Musket The old gun: an India pattern smoothbore Brown Bess Musket. Notice this is a flintlock musket. 1853 Enfield Rifle-Musket. Notice this gun uses a percussion cap rather than a flint lock.

Sepoy Mutiny Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons. Many Sepoys are jailed; others start the Sepoy Mutiny against the British Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain loyal to the British British put down the rebellion and take direct command of India.

Nationalism Surfaces in India Calls for Reforms In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization movement Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms Indians resent being second- class citizens in their own country.

Nationalism Surfaces in India Nationalist Groups Form Indian National Congress and Muslim League form Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal and the pressure forces Britain to divide it differently

Modern World History Chapter 11, Section 3 Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

Ottoman Empire Controlled North Africa, parts of Middle East, Turkey, and Balkan Peninsula As it weakened European powers competed to take its lands Reasons it weakened: It was slower to modernize than the rest of Europe Series of weak emperors following the death of Suleyman the Great Govt. became corrupt Heavy inflation Nationalist feelings in peoples ruled by the empire

Europeans Grab Territory Geopolitics – interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Ottoman Empire was attractive to European powers due to its location in the Mediterranean Sea and control of sea trade

Crimean War Russian czars had fought several wars to gain land on the Black Sea to give them access to water for trade Crimean War – war in 1853 between the Russians and the Ottomans over the peninsula in the Black Sea where most of the fighting took place France and Britain entered the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire to prevent Russia from gaining more land and defeated the Russians Russia later helped the Slavic people of the Balkans win their independence when they rebelled against the Ottomans Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria ↖ Crimea ↗ Balkans

“The Great Game” Another geopolitics struggle during the late 1800s that took place in Afghanistan between Britain and Russia Russia wanted to extend to India, Britain wanted to extend north, Afghanistan in the middle Afghanistan was an independent Muslim kingdom After decades of fighting both Britain and Russia eventually withdrew

Modernization in Egypt To avoid being controlled by European powers, some Muslim leaders decided to modernize Egypt’s location at the head of the Red Sea was desired by the British and French New leader Muhammad Ali broke away from the Ottoman Empire began reforms in the military and economy Cash crop farming of cotton Later built the Suez Canal

Suez Canal Suez Canal – man-made canal that cut through the Isthmus of Suez that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and opened 1869 which was built mainly with private French investments and Egyptian labor The allowed shipping to go from Europe to the Far East without having to steam around the southern tip of Africa Egypt fell into debt as it was unable to pay back the European banks it borrowed from The British insisted on taking financial control of the canal and sent troops to occupy the region in 1882

Persia Pressured to Change Russia and Britain competed over Persia Russians hoped to gain access to the Persian Gulf ports British wanted to take advantage of oil found there Persian rulers gave western businessmen concessions to develop its resources (set up spheres of influence) Religious leaders fought these concessions as they feared western influences on their people Tobacco boycott against a foreign business led to riots that spun out of control Persian ruler was forced to establish a constitution to settle things down