Welcome! Please take out the packet from Mr. Cowhitt.
India 1947-64 Vocabulary: viceroy, dominion status, communalism/sectarianism, partition People: Gandhi, Nehru, Mountbatten Organizations: Muslim League, Indian National Army, Indian National Congress (party), BJS, Scheduled Caste Federation, Socialists Themes: religious conflict Debates: were the British to blame for the violence surrounding partition? What is a stronger appeal – hope or fear?
India - Challenges Vocabulary: ethnic cleansing, political asylum, separatism, repatriation (we’ve seen this before) Issues: Division/Borders religious conflict Punjab, West Bengal, Kashmir princely states Political extremism – RSS/Gandhi Language conflicts Tribal communities (Naga, Hyderabad) Questions: why was repatriation abandoned in 1954?
India - Impact Vocabulary: Five-year plans (ag, industry, self- sufficiency, reduce unemployment), brain drain, dowry, scheduled castes People: B.R. Ambedkar, Patel Issues: Education – free up to age 14; mostly improved higher ed Health – life expectancy up (huge rise in pop. growth) Social Welfare: Comm. Dev. Pro.; Panchayati Raj – least successful? Women: failed Hindu Code bill – achieved in parts post Patel’s death: Succession and Marriage Acts, dowry ban; challenge to change rural attitudes and actions Minorities: 20% of parliament to Dalits, special infrastructure; challenge to change attitudes and actions
Transition to Democracy – S.A. People/Orgs: Steve Biko, United Democratic Front (UDF), COSATU, F.W. de Klerk; Inkatha (IFP); Third Force; Mbecki Terms: tricameral parliament; Slovo’s sunset clauses Events: Soweto Uprising (1976); new constitution (1983), Unbanning of ANC and release of prisoners (1990); CODESA (1991); referendum (1992); Hani assassination (1993); 1st Election (April 1994); new constitution (1996) Other: Know arguments for why it happened when it did
S.A. Challenges integrating old symbols from both the government and the resistance into new combined symbols (ex: flag, nat’l anthem, etc.) TRC – Desmond Tutu (4th Nobel winner); controversies re: amnesty, crimes by gov v resistance Huge migration influx - xenophobia White reluctance to engage in true transformation (Mbecki) Political extremism – Boer Force, PAGAD, general violence Mass inequality (land reform) Did the ANC depart from its principles?
S.A. Policies Distribution of Wealth: RDP, GEAR, BEE, mass unemployment, some improved labor conditions Education: Huge disparities in African vs. other groups’ achievement rate, even into the 2000s. Health: expanded, but reduced quality; mostly young adults affected by AIDS – 4.2 million infected Women: Given full equality, but customary law still allows for inequality; huge rates of rape and domestic violence. Did improve outcomes for many rural women through work programs. Other: Affirmative action policies to help increase representation of Black Africans and women in government – one of the biggest successes. Difficult to deal with culture because funding had historically just gone to Euro-centric arts with little support for traditional arts – difficult to find unifying “culture”
You’ve got this!!! Good luck!!!