Introduction to animals copyright cmassengale

Symmetry copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges) copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms) Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little) copyright cmassengale

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Body Symmetry Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other More complex type of symmetry copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile Animals have an anterior and posterior ends Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end) copyright cmassengale

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Traits copyright cmassengale _______ Which of the following includes the most different kinds of organisms? a. class b. domain c. family d . phylum e. kingdom. Traits copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Animals All multicellular Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles) Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it) Store food reserves as glycogen Animals range in size from 25-meter-long blue whales to microscopic rotifers. copyright cmassengale

5. Most animals have Hox genes 5. Most animals have Hox genes. Control head to tail development in embryos

Lions Feeding (Ingestion) copyright cmassengale

Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone Exoskeletons found in arthropods Cover the outside of the body Limit size Must be shed or molted making animal vulnerable to predators copyright cmassengale

Cicada Molting Exoskeleton copyright cmassengale

Support Systems Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support Called hydrostatic skeletons copyright cmassengale

Movement Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) Animals that can move are motile Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement copyright cmassengale

SESSILE SEDENTARY Chiton Sponge MOTILE Cheetah copyright cmassengale

Reproduction in Animals All animals are capable of sexual reproduction Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs copyright cmassengale

Leeches Exchange Sperm During Mating copyright cmassengale

Reproduction in Animals Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized Called Parthenogenesis New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards copyright cmassengale

Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon copyright cmassengale

Mating and Mating Behaviors Female Beetles Mating Young Courtship Male Mating and Mating Behaviors copyright cmassengale

Levels of Organization Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions) Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues copyright cmassengale

Levels of Organization Molecule or compound Atom Organelle Levels of Organization CELL Life begins Tissue Organ Organ system Organism copyright cmassengale

Invertebrate groups copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Invertebrates Simplest animals Contain the greatest number of different species Most are aquatic (found in water) Do NOT have a backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms copyright cmassengale

Phyla Porifera simplest animals sponges.

Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge copyright cmassengale

Characteristics Simplest of all animals Contain specialized cells but no other organization level Most are marine Saltwater sponges are brightly colored Freshwater sponges are small and dull green color Size – 2 meters to 2 cm

Characteristics Porifera means pore-bearing Water enters through pores bringing in food and oxygen Filter feeders on plankton

Water Flow Through the Sponge WATER OUT Water Flow Through the Sponge WATER IN Osculum

Sponge Skeletons VENUS FLOWER BASKET SPICULES

Sponge Reproduction Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual) Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding

Branching Tube Sponge

Vase Sponges

Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone copyright cmassengale

More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish copyright cmassengale

Phyla Cnidarians or coelenterate Cnidaria comes from the Greek work cnidos meaning stinging

Cnidarians are made up of two tissue layers separated by mesoglea. gastrovascular cavity mouth mesoglea tentacle oral arms Cnidarians are made up of two tissue layers separated by mesoglea. The ectoderm layer has three cell types. contracting cells nerve cells cnidocytes (which contain nematocysts) barbs coiled nematocyst discharged http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/invertebrates-animals/other-invertebrates/plankton_jelly.html

Cnidarians have two body forms. 5.polyps In the polyp form of a coral, the tentacles and mouth face upward.

6. medusas In the medusa form of a jellyfish, the tentacles and mouth face downward.

1. mouth 3. tentacle 5. ectoderm (epidermis) 6. mesoderm (mesoglea 7. endodrem (gastrodermis 8. gastrovascular cavity 11. bud 12. stalk 13. basal disk

nematocytes c filament trigger Barb b cnidocyte a charged Discharged

The four major cnidarian classes are defined by their dominant body form. Anthozoans such as sea anemones have a dominant polyp stage. Scyphozoans are true jellyfish with a dominant medusa form. Cubozoans such as box jellies and sea wasps have a dominant medusa form. Hydrozoans such as hydra alternate between forms.

Anthozoans sea anemones and corals dominant polyp stage.

Scyphozoa Most familiar Common jellies Range in size from 5 millimeters to several meters

cubozoa Complex eyes Swim very quickly Four tenticles

Hydrozoans alternate between forms. Most never have a medusa stage http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/invertebrates- animals/other-invertebrates/manowar_portuguese.html

Radial symmetry and cnidocytes Complex eyes Polyp reduced or lost Medusa produced by lateral bud Radial symmetry and cnidocytes

Life cycle of the cnidarian Asexual reproduction- Budding – a bud will form on the side Break off and form a new polyp Sexual Male and female medusa Sperm is released in the water to fertilize the eggs in the tenticles The cilliated pear shaped planula (larva) forms Swims freely until it comes in contact with the substrate and starts growing a polyp