Begin Part II Ethics Prejudice September 27 Begin Part II Ethics Prejudice

Reminders Final Exam October 3rd Study in increments – small amounts of time Don’t use the book (unless you do practice quizzes) Use: CCN Notes Guides Review Packet Online textbook support - http://www.davis.k12.ut.us/page/41798 Flex review quizlets

American Psychological association Because of psychological studies that led to the questions about the potential harm to participants, the APA created a set of guidelines that must be followed for research to be accepted and published. Milgram’s Obedience Study Zimbardo’s Prison (roles) Study Read through each of the seven guidelines together as a group.

Ethical Guidelines - APA Informed consent Risk/Explanation Coercion/Option of withdraw at any time Information provided for how to contact researcher after Debrief/Explain any misconceptions at the earliest possible time (without creating bias) Anonymity/Confidentiality Those working with animals/humans must be trained Great lengths must be taken to minimize all animal/human discomfort Which guidelines are violated? How?

Unit II Part 2 Module 77 – Prejudice and Discrimination Module 78 - Aggression Module 79 - Attraction Module 80 – Altruism

Definitions of prejudice A bias (judgment) for or against something formed without sufficient basis; to “prejudge” Webster’s Dictionary Attitudes and beliefs involving a tendency to prejudge people, usually negatively and usually on the basis of a single personal characteristic (race, sex, religion, hair length, age, etc.), without any objective basis for making such judgment. Sociologists

Definitions of Prejudice A positive or negative attitude, judgment, or feeling about a person that is generalized from attitudes or beliefs about the group to which the person belongs. Psychology The ABC’s of Prejudice: A – Affect/emotion Feeling hatred Feeling angry B – Behaviors Actions Discrimination C – Cognitions Thoughts Beliefs Stereotyping Justifying

prejudice in America Overt/Explicit Prejudice Used to be called “old fashioned” Manifest hostility toward groups/group members. Hatred and superiority are the key components of the ABC’s Subtle/Implicit Prejudice Thought of as “modern” prejudice Overt hatred has become ambivalence toward groups Privilege is maintained, but not discussed outwardly Lack of acknowledgment and subtle gestures become key components of ABC’s If “called out,” individuals easily excuse behaviors due to cultural acceptance of ambivalence A culture of “I love everybody” couched in subtle gestures and statements that demonstrate implicit bias

Prejudice What about your own prejudice? Implicit Bias https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html Implicit Bias: Something that happens TO us based on our consistent exposure and surroundings. It is what we DO with it that makes all the difference. We are often afraid it will “leak” out in our actions/words … and it does! “Strikingly, the more participants differentiate by target race (processing Black targets as if they were threats), the more bias they show on our task.” Correll Research, University of Colorado http://psych.colorado.edu/~jclab/FPST.html "Job applicants with white names needed to send about 10 resumes to get one callback; those with African-American names needed to send around 15 resumes to get one callback.“ Bertrand Research http://www.nber.org/digest/sep03/w9873.html

What is Privilege? https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=hD5f8GuNuGQ Watch Take the privilege walk Complete the grid on your own, if you’d like. Reflect e. What is privilege and what are your privileges? Brene Brown “Privilege is about unearned rights. I can walk into any store and find a doll that matches my daughter’s skin. I can drive in any area near my home and not get pulled over. I can go to the movies and hold hands with my partner [when I’m straight] and not fear getting hit in the head with a baseball bat. I can wear a symbol of my religion like a cross necklace and not fear being called a murderer or terrorist.”

Roots of Prejudice: Can you think of examples of these in our world today? Us vs. Them (In-group Bias) The more time you spend with your group members (in), the less you are able to see things from another’s perspective (them). This lack of perspective leads to group polarization and group think. How do we build “us” and “them” mentalities that are tolerant and inclusive? https://www.facebook.com/BBCOne/videos/1319571431411489/ Scapegoating I’m angry about my __________________, so I blame “them” for ________________. Categorization Simplifying the world into general groups (us versus them). This generalization often creates in-group bias. Vivid Cases Justifying your prejudice based on a few/one vivid case (confirmation bias) This ONE time, one of “them”______________, so ALL of “them” are like that (stereotyping).

The roots of prejudice Just World Phenomenon Blame-the-Victim Dynamic People get what they deserve. Reward good/punish bad. After years of doing ________ to “us,” it is only fair that “they” get to feel threatened. My “in group” is successful because we’ve earned it. Blame-the-Victim Dynamic The victimized group lashes out against or internalizes the prejudice. Their behaviors are subsequently used against them as justification for the prejudice. The FAE Something inherent about a person (race, gender, orientation, class, age, ability) causes discrimination or stereotyping or harm. It isn’t the situation, it is WHO THEY ARE. It is THEIR fault. 5. What about privilege? Does our privilege foster the above cognitions?

Before We Continue – Quiz Extra Credit Write Yes or No on the paper/Fold it On the outside (after you fold), write your super secret name If EVERYONE in this class writes no, then EVERYONE gets 5 extra points added to their last quiz If only ONE person writes yes, then just that person gets 15 extra points added to their last quiz If TWO or more people put yes, then nobody gets any extra credit.

Notebook Check Extra Credit Norm Presentations Finalize Unit 2 Part II September 29 Notebook Check Extra Credit Norm Presentations Finalize Unit 2 Part II

Social Traps 10. Social Trap: A term used by psychologists to describe a situation in which a few members of a group act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole. What did individuals try to gain? What did the group lose? Frustration leads to minor acts of aggression. What happened with your class? Did one person put their needs above the group’s? Social Traps

Module 78 - Aggression

Muzafer Sherif – The Robbers Cave Experiments As you read, jot down examples of the following terms. Some may not apply. Use your CCN to verify definitions beforehand. Us vs. Them (in-group bias) – favoring own group Scapegoating – prejudice is the outlet for anger by providing someone to blame Categorization/Stereotyping – simplifying world by putting people in to groups, usually based on a single characteristic (color of skin, gender, age, sexual orientation) Vivid Cases (confirmation bias)- judging an entire group based on a single(highly emotional) case or person or example Just-World Phenomenon- Objects of prejudice get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Blame-the-Victim Dynamic- Victim responds to prejudice with anger or self-blame. The prejudiced group uses this as evidence to justify discrimination.

Mending prejudice/Altruism Conciliation/GRIT Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction Several small conciliatory acts by each of the groups Foot-in-the-door Reciprocity norm Foot in the Door Get prejudiced individual to agree to small request meet with a member of the out group for a short time read a story take the implicit bias test Will likely agree to a larger request stop posting horrid statements do something FOR a member of the out group defend a member of the out group change!

Mending prejudice/altruism Social Exchange Theory When the benefits outweigh the costs in relationships What are the benefits of changing my bias? Are they greater than the cost? Is there disharmony in my relationships/family because of my prejudice? Is the benefit of having a loving family worth putting in the effort to change? Create a feeling of “benefit” with social responsibility, cooperation, social responsibility (Cooperation) Superordinate Goals Larger task to work toward –service project Cooperation takes them away from minutia of in-group activities and allows for each group to see the “them” members as less generalized. Robbers Cave Experiment Fosters communication/mediation

Mending prejudice/Altruism Reciprocity Norm “They” do something kind, so “we” feel obligated to do something kind in return. Mutual liking grows with time spent together Eventually the boys in Sherif’s study liked each other so much they insisted on riding the same bus home together. Social-Responsibility Norm Expect those who are in power to help those that need help. The Mere Exposure Effect The more time you spend with somebody (an outgroup member), the more you will like them. Doing any of the above, will help to build bridges and increase empathy.

Individual behavior in groups Bystander Effect Bystander Intervention NOTICE INTERPRET ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY *The presence of bystanders affects the interpretation and assumption of responsibility Kitty Ginovese/Article (attached) Kitty Ginovese What Would You Do? Harold Takooshian – Why does this happen? Situations Ambiguous Don’t Know How Danger Fear Apathy (minor part)

Module 80 Mending Prejudice/Altruism The act of being KIND – genuinely kind! An unselfish regard for the welfare of others Module 80 Mending Prejudice/Altruism

Group Influence When will we help? Darley and Latane Person needs/deserves help Similarity Observational learning Not rushed Small towns/demographics Guilt/reciprocity/responsibility Focused Good mood

Reminders Test Friday EVERYTHING DUE Study in small increments If you have been absent, get work submitted before the end of your class period FRIDAY IS THE DEADLINE – even if you are absent Friday!! Study in small increments Emphasize vocabulary Complete the review packet – read instructions Put your notebook together BEFORE class – you won’t have time during Come ready to go!