Tutorial presentation, IEEE Globecom 2016, DC, USA 5G Wireless Communications Enabling Technologies Acknowledgement Tianyu Wang, Hongyu Cui, Boya Di, Yun Liao, Radwa Sultan, Yunan Gu, Huaqing Zhang, Yanru Zhang, Zhiwen Hu, Siavash Bayat, and Yonghui Li Tutorial presentation, IEEE Globecom 2016, DC, USA ECE4317 Class 27

History of Mobile Communications 1900: Famous patent No. 7777, "tuned or syntonic telegraphy" 1900: Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited founded 1901: Transmitting the first wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles. 1909: The Nobel Prize in Physics

A Market Needs both Technology and Application to everything From data … to voice …

Standardization Facilitates Technology Evolution Each new evolution builds on the established market of the previous Backwards-compatible evolution But larger technology steps require revolutions: 2015 2005 2000 1995 2010 From TDMA: to CDMA: to OFDMA:

Future Wireless Challenges Explosion of data traffic VS Limited spectrum Source: Irish Regulator ComReg Announces Results of its 4G Spectrum Auction Fig. 2 Results of Irish 4G Spectrum Auction Fig.1 Cisco Visual Networking Index Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth

KPIs Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 1000X Capacity (Traffic and Connections) 10Gbps 10X Peak Data Rate (10+Gbps) 10X User Rate Anywhere (100M-1Gbps) 6 Key Requirements 5-10X Spectrum Efficiency 1000X Energy&Cost Reduce 10X Low Latency, High reliability

Future Wireless Challenges: Analysis Signal to Noise plus Interference Radio Scaled Transmission Time Capacity：C = N * W * T * log(1 + SINR) No. of APs Bandwidth

Evolution （1） Evolutions Ultra Dense Deployment: LTE-Hi and Further Evolution Cell Edge User Experience: Coordination and Comp, Advanced IC Link Efficiency: Massive MIMO, 3D-BF, Full-duplex More Scenarios and Use Case： M2M, D2D, V2X Smart Network: Service & Environment Awareness SON; Multi-Radio/Multi-RAT SON Flexible Network and High Reliability: Mobile Relay, UE Relay, MAC direct,

Rethinking “Cells” in Cellular How should cellular systems be designed? Coop MIMO Small Cell Relay Will gains in practice be big or incremental; in capacity or coverage? DAS Traditional cellular design “interference-limited” MIMO/multiuser detection can remove interference Cooperating BSs form a MIMO array: what is a cell? Relays change cell shape and boundaries Distributed antennas move BS towards cell boundary Small cells create a cell within a cell Mobile cooperation via relays, virtual MIMO, network coding.

Green” Cellular Networks Pico/Femto How should cellular systems be redesigned for minimum energy? Coop MIMO Relay DAS Research indicates that significant savings is possible Minimize energy at both the mobile and base station via New Infrastuctures: cell size, BS placement, DAS, Picos, relays New Protocols: Cell Zooming, Coop MIMO, RRM, Scheduling, Sleeping, Relaying Low-Power (Green) Radios: Radio Architectures, Modulation, coding, MIMO

Peer-to-peer communications Routing can be multihop. Ad-Hoc Networks Peer-to-peer communications No backbone infrastructure or centralized control Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic. Fully connected with different link SINRs Open questions Fundamental capacity region Resource allocation (power, rate, spectrum, etc.) Routing -No backbone: nodes must self-configure into a network. -In principle all nodes can communicate with all other nodes, but multihop routing can reduce the interference associated with direct transmission. -Topology dynamic since nodes move around and link characteristics change. -Applications: appliances and entertainment units in the home, community networks that bypass the Internet. Military networks for robust flexible easily-deployed network (every soldier is a node).

Software-Defined (SD) Radio: Is this the solution to the device challenges? BT A/D FM/XM Cellular GPS A/D DVB-H DSP Apps Processor A/D WLAN Media Processor Wimax A/D Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of desired signals DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized HW Today, this is not cost, size, or power efficient SubNyquist sampling may help with the A/D and DSP requirements

Cognitive Radios CRRx NCRRx NCRTx CRTx NCR IP CR MIMO Cognitive Underlay Cognitive Overlay Cognitive radios support new users in existing crowded spectrum without degrading licensed users Utilize advanced communication and DSP techniques Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies Multiple paradigms (MIMO) Underlay (interference below a threshold) Interweave finds/uses unused time/freq/space slots Overlay (overhears/relays primary message while cancelling interference it causes to cognitive receiver)

Wireless Sensor Networks Data Collection and Distributed Control Smart homes/buildings Smart structures Search and rescue Homeland security Event detection Battlefield surveillance Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint Data flows to centralized location (joint compression) Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices

NOMA Time + Code + Frequency + Power ? NOMA Denmark

PD-NOMA  successive interference canceller (SIC)

Comparison AMC (adaptive modulation coding) TPC (transmit power control)

Software-Defined Network Architecture Cloud Computing Video Security Vehicular Networks App layer M2M Health Freq. Allocation Power Control Self Healing ICIC QoS Opt. CS Threshold Network Optimization UNIFIED CONTROL PLANE Distributed Antennas WiFi Cellular mmWave Ad-Hoc Networks HW layer …

mmWave Massive MIMO mmWaves have large non-monotonic path loss Hundreds of antennas Dozens of devices 10s of GHz of Spectrum mmWaves have large non-monotonic path loss Channel model poorly understood For asymptotically large arrays with channel state information, no attenuation, fading, interference or noise mmWave antennas are small: perfect for massive MIMO Bottlenecks: channel estimation and system complexity Non-coherent design holds significant promise

Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy consumption What is the Internet of Things: Enabling every electronic device to be connected to each other and the Internet Includes smartphones, consumer electronics, cars, lights, clothes, sensors, medical devices,… Value in IoT is data processing in the cloud Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy consumption

LTE-U Continually Changing Industry defined coexistence with 3GPP Release 12 – primarily USA Already incorporates 3GPP 10 and 11 Built on carrier aggregation of LTE-Advanced No license required to use spectrum Radios must comply with existing FCC Part 15 regulations Non-exclusive spectrum use Spectrum subject to interference Consistency, Accessibility and Reliability Disrupts existing WiFi Quality of Service Discontinuous Transmission Capacity over Coverage No new deployments in locations without existing licensed coverage Significant performance gains over WiFi

LTE-U Frequencies Power Frequency and use specific Typical: 200 mW indoor 1 W outdoor

Social Networks A social network is a description of the social structure between actors, mostly individuals or organizations. It indicates the ways in which they are connected through various social familiarities ranging from casual acquaintance to close familiar bonds.

Cloud Architecture

LTE-V

Fundamentals of Wireless Charging A. Wireless Charging Technologies: Wireless charging is usually realized through inductive coupling, resonance coupling, and non-directive RF radiation In capacitive coupling, the achievable amount of coupling capacitance is dependent on the available area of the device. However, for a normal size portable electronic device, it is hard to generate sufficient power density for charging, which imposes a challenging design limitation. For directive RF power beamforming, the limitation lies in that the charger needs to know the exact location of the energy receiver. Due to the obvious limitation of above 2 techniques, wireless charging is usually realized through other three techniques, i.e., magnetic inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, and non-directive RF radiation.

Cooperative Transmission New communication paradigm Exploring broadcast nature of wireless channel Relays can be served as virtual antenna of the source MIMO system Multi-user and multi-route diversity Most popular research in current wireless communication Industrial standard: IEEE WiMAX 802.16J Destination Destination Phase 1 Phase 2 Sender Sender Relay Relay 28

PHY Security: Simple Example Wireless transmission of a user Eavesdropped by an eavesdropper Notion of secrecy capacity Maximum rate sent from a wireless node to its destination in the presence of eavesdroppers Secrecy capacity of user 1 : C1 = (Cd1 - Ce1)+ I can hear User 1! Cd1 Ce1