Industrialisation Agricultural economy to machine economy Began in the United Kingdom Replacement of human power with machine power to increase productivity Revolution (1700s and 1800s) Use of fossil fuels to substitute human energy (Industrial Revolution) Development and use of technology through engineering (Technological Revolution) Transportation , fishing on larger scale and deeper waters, communication

Effects of Industrialisation Pollution Greenhouse gases Accumulation of waste Resource exploitation Child labour Slavery Population explosion Rural-urban migration

Urbanisation The movement of people from farms rural areas to urban areas

Population growth Current world population = 7 525 247 798 More than 75 million added per year About 97 % of global population is from developing countries Uneven global distribution

Uneven population distribution  

World population clock

Highest populous countries

Is population growth a problem?

Poverty and Inequality Resource and environment destruction Education NO YES Underdevelopment Poverty and Inequality Resource and environment destruction Education Population distribution Food Environment International migration

Population growth IS NOT a problem Underdevelopment Continued gap between developing and developed countries Developing countries should become developed Resource and environment destruction Developed countries seen as a problem Consume about 80 % of natural resources Consume 16 times food energy than developing countries Population distribution Congestion in one place (e.g. central Java and urban migration) Few people living in resourceful areas (e.g. North-eastern Brazil & Amazon)

Population growth IS a problem Poverty and Inequality Impoverished people suffer cuts from government health, education programs, jobs and bear the impact of environment damage Education Large families not having money to pay every child’s school fees High quantity than good quality schools = decrease in education quality

Population growth IS a problem Food Challenge of feeding wold’s population with the correct diet Increase in food demand, with limited space available Environment Environment degradation, transformation, overexploitation and utilisation, pollution and International migration Illegal migration increases population in many developing countries

Possible solutions to population control Persuade people to have smaller families Media Formal and informal education Enhance family planning programs Manipulate economic incentives and disincentives for having children Increase school fees Allow maximum 2 maternity leave Subsidise families with few members

Case studies Singapore India Maximum of 2 children 1984: school fees discounts to children from female degree-holders 2004: Birth rate dropped and government introduced incentives for population increase India Female savings account to be paid out at age 45 if they did not bare too many children

Case studies Taiwan South Korea China Education subsidy for the first 2 children More children resulted in a subsidy decrease or termination of subsidy South Korea Free medical care for families with 2 children and parent was sterilized China 1 child policy More than 1 child resulted in heavy fines or tax per additional child Policy resulted in many first born daughters being put to death