Major Ethics Case Studies

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Presentation transcript:

Major Ethics Case Studies Focus on the major technological disasters and catastrophes in engineering Module 4 in the “Teaching Engineering Ethics” Series

Outline of Material Major Ethical Impact = Macro-ethics Micro-ethics (the individual and the situation) Macro-ethics (systemic issues) Ethics as a “Design Problem” Engineer as a Moral Agent Analogies: Design and Ethics Decisions Case: The Space Shuttle Challenger

Macro-Ethical Issues Safety, Loss of Life, Catastrophic Failures Typically Newsworthy Items The Space Shuttle Challenger* Bhopal—Union Carbide* The Ford Pinto Firestone and Ford Explorer tires Three Mile Island / Chernobyl Nuclear Reactors Kansas City Hyatt Suspended Walkway Boston Molasses Tank Accident* Indicative of systemic problems (beyond simple engineering and day-to-day ethics) The following cases are documented in the Instructor Binder as well as online: The Space Shuttle Challenger* Extensive coverage in instructor binder (and online) Bhopal—Union Carbide* Coverage in instructor binder (and online) The Ford Pinto* Coverage in instructor binder, PowerPoint (and online) Firestone and Ford Explorer tires Three Mile Island / Chernobyl Nuclear Reactors* Coverage in instructor binder (and online) Kansas City Hyatt Suspended Walkway* Extensive coverage in instructor binder, PowerPoint (and online) Boston Molasses Tank Accident*Extensive coverage in instructor binder, PowerPoint (and online)

Ethics as a Design Problem The engineer as a moral agent Moral problems …are practical problems (they demand a response) …are not multiple-choice problems Design Process Recognize and Evaluate the Problem Devise solutions Evaluate solutions Choose from the alternatives The “devise solutions” phase is typically shortchanged in the ethics judgment process or artificially constrained to a limited set of alternatives

Ethics as a Design Problem How ethics “sound bites” oversimplify the ethical reasoning process: “Do the right thing” Portrays the problem as having an exclusive solution set “Should [the agent] do X or Y” Portrays the problem as a binary multiple-choice solution set with no latitude for creating alternatives Exploits a limited “win-lose” or “lose-win” paradigm “There are no right or wrong answers” Indicative of a “moral relativism” philosophy or simply that there is no uniquely correct solution In reality, there can be solutions that are better than others and which can be prioritized Also, solutions can each comprise a unique and special advantage

Ethics as a Design Problem What solutions sets exist for a given set of specifications or ethical constraints? Solution Set Population Probability Wrong Solutions Always No Solution Possible One Single Exclusive and Acceptable Solution Unlikely Multiple Solutions: All Equally Acceptable Multiple Solutions: Orthogonal Acceptability Very Likely

Ethics as a Design Problem Lessons from design problems: Consider the Uncertainties in the Situation Ambiguities often underemphasized in professional ethics Decisions to be made: Whether to gather additional evidence How to address the issues with others How to elicit support for the moral concern Determining possible solutions is separate from defining the problem and may require more information Time Pressure is real and demands searching for multiple alternative solutions in parallel The ethical situation may be dynamically changing; decisions should not be made on an old “snapshot” of the situation