Algae, Fungi, and Early Plants

The major branches of life Kingdoms: Fungi (external digestion) Plantae (photosynthetic) Animalia (ingest food) Protist Kingdoms Multicellular Unicellular Domains: Archaea Eukaryota Bacteria Prokaryotic cell design Eukaryotic 1st cellular organism

Evolution of Multicellularity sponge Evolution of Multicellularity 1) cells came to live in clusters, _______ E.g. Volvox Volvox Cells can live ___________ Anti-________ advantages _____ predators if larger 2) Specialized ________ evolved Types became ___________ E.g., sponges jelly 3) ___ organs evolved Produced ______ sex cells Simplest example: ______

Kingdom Fungi: Molds, yeasts & mushrooms Multicellular, except _______ Heterotrophic: ‘other-eating’ Can’t make _______ from CO2 Must eat _______ of other organisms External digestion, absorb small _________ Made up of __________ network Each filament = ________ Underground, “____-like” “Mushroom” = ______ body, densely packed _____

Life cycle of a typical fungus Fruiting body is _________, two haploid _____ per cell 2) Haploid nuclei fuse, form ______ zygote Mushroom is a “fruiting body” 3) Meiosis 4) haploid _____ + and - strains 8) Fruiting body grows from _________ 5) Spores grow into hyphae by ____________ 6) + and – hyphae fuse, become ____________ (nuclei are still ______) 7) Fused hyphae grow, form _________

Types of fungi: Club fungi: _________mycetes Spores occur on club-like basidia

Cup fungi: ________mycetes Spores occur in ___-like structures morel Penicillium

Ecological roles of fungi Decomposer fungi Break down organic _________ Make nutrients available to plant _______

Get nutrition from a ___ Entomophagous fungus insect Cordyceps Parasitic fungi Get nutrition from a ___ corn smut ringworm

Mutualistic fungi: live along with other species E.g., Lichen: bact. E.g., Lichen: Mutualistic with photosynthetic ____ or _________ Fungus provides minerals by decomposing _____ Photosynthetic symbiont provides energy from ___ Together, beak down rock to form _____

Mycorrhiza: symbiotic with green _______ Live in _______ on plant roots Make soil nutrients available to _______ Plants provide _____ (via. photosynthesis) Also involved in plant _____________ ________ molecules between ________ plants

Kingdom Plantae: ___________ plants Multicellular algae: Resemble terrestrial plants, but: Lack true stems, _____, vascular tissue, ______, ________ Reproduce vegetatively (_________) or with _______ gametes (sexually) Red algae Have a Calcium ”_______” Look red, green light is absorbed

b) Brown algae (often olive-green): “Sea weed” or “______” Gas-filled _______ for _________ reproduction Holdfast = __________ floats holdfast

c) Green algae: Usually small, often _____-water Sea lettuce (Ulva) Spirogyra

Land plants probably evolved in _____ water From unicellular green algae ~_____ mya Modern example: Chlamydomonas Has ____________ & _____________ Plants came on to land 50-100 m.y. before _______

Early land plants E.g. Cooksonia Vascular tissue for ______ No _______ Simple _________

Phylogeny (__________ history) of land plants