TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE Computer Hardware

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE OUTLINE TG1.1 Introduction TG1.2 Strategic Hardware Issues TG1.3 Innovations in Hardware Utilization TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies TG1.6 The Central Processing Unit TG1.7 Computer Memory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the major hardware components of a computer system. Discuss the strategic issues that link hardware design to business strategy. Discuss the innovations in hardware utilization. Describe the hierarchy of computers according to power and their respective roles.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued) Differentiate the various types of input and output technologies and their uses. Describe the design and functioning of the central processing unit. Discuss the relationships between microprocessor component designs and performance.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued) Describe the main types of primary and secondary storage. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity. Define enterprise storage, and describe the various types of enterprise storage.

Hardware consists of: Central processing unit (CPU) – think of a chef in a kitchen Primary storage – think of the counter space in the kitchen Secondary storage – think about storage in the cupboard Input technologies Output technologies Communication technologies

TG1.2 Strategic Hardware Issues How do organizations keep up with the rapid price and performance advancements in hardware? How often should an organization upgrade its computers and storage systems? Will upgrades increase personal and organizational productivity? How can organizations measure such increase? How do organizations manage telecommuting?

TG1.3 Innovations in Hardware Utilization (not so important) Server Farms Virtualization Grid computing Utility computing Cloud computing Edge Computing Autonomic Computing Nanotechnology

TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Workstations Notebooks and Desktop Computers Ultra-mobile PCs Computing devices

TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies Input technologies Human data-entry Source-data automation

Output Technologies Output Monitors Printers Plotters Voice

Multimedia Technology Merges capabilities

TG1.6 The Central Processing Unit Central processing unit (CPU) Microprocessor Control unit Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) Registers

How the CPU Works Binary form Machine instruction cycle Clock speed Word length Bus width Line width

Advances in Microprocessor Design Years Power 1½ 2 3 4 4½ 8 6 16 7½ 32 9 64 10½ 125 12 256 13½ 512 15 1024 Moore’s Law

TG1.7 Computer Memory Two basic categories of computer memory: Primary Storage Secondary Storage

Memory Capacity Bit Byte

Hierarchy of Memory Capacity Kilobyte – 1,000 (thousand) Megabyte – 1,000,000 (million) Gigabyte – 1,000,000,000 (billion) Terabyte – 1,000,000,000,000 (trillion) Petabyte – 1,000,000,000,000,000 Exabyte – 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Zettabyte – 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

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Primary Storage Primary storage or main memory

Main Types of Primary Storage Registers (fastest primary storage) Random access memory (RAM) Cache memory Read-only memory (ROM) (slowest primary storage)

Secondary Storage About Capacity Secondary Storage Magnetic tape (sequential access) slow Magnetic disks (direct access) faster About Capacity Compact Disk, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) Digital Video Disk (DVD)

Flash Memory Devices Flash memory Flash memory devices Thumb drive

Enterprise Storage Systems Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) Storage Area Network (SAN) Network Attached Storage (NAS) .