Structural Engineering: Bridges Sergio F. Breña STEM Education Institute Saturday Workshop September 30, 2006 University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Bridge Definition Bridge, n. – a structure built to span and provide passage of vehicles or pedestrians over an obstacle (river, highway, railroad) Passage, n. – movement from one place to another Span, v. – to reach or extend over or from one side to the other… University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Bridge Design Process The challenge: provide passage (span) over an obstacle Research/brainstorm Other successful applications? Materials available locally? Available construction techniques/equipment? Note: this presentation will primarily address this aspect of bridge design through the use of bridge examples that have been successful (or not!) Testing/validation of design (build models if possible) University of Massachusetts Amherst

Highway Bridge Overpass Load Testing University of Massachusetts Amherst

Bridge Instrumentation University of Massachusetts Amherst

Load Testing in Progress University of Massachusetts Amherst

Earthquake Testing of Bridge Models Bridge seismic testing conducted at U.Nevada - Reno University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Evolution of Bridge Design through Successful Use of Structural Forms and Development of New Materials University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Arch Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

Typical Structural Systems (1) Arch University of Massachusetts Amherst

Pont du Gard - Nimes, France University of Massachusetts Amherst

Coalbrookdale, England (Severn River) Built between 1777 and 1779 by Abraham Darby III (grandson of inventor of method to reduce coal to coke), and is reputed to be the first cast iron bridge. Bridge still in service for pedestrian loads only. University of Massachusetts Amherst

Walnut Lane Bridge – Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, PA Completed in 1906-1908. Designer: George Webster and Henry Quimby. World’s longest and highest (147 ft) arch bridge when completed. Main span = 233 ft. Two-rib open spandrel design with minimum steel reinforcement (mostly for shrinkage cracking). Use of rubble concrete (concrete with large stones) to increase shear strength. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Walnut Lane Bridge Pier design intended to simulate masonry construction. The designers took inspiration from a 1904 masonry arch bridge in Luxembourg (Historic American Engineering Record, HAER PA 51-Phila, 731) University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Zuoz Bridge Completed in 1901. Designed by Robert Maillart. Main span = 125 ft. Three-hinged arch; hollow box deck. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Concrete Arch University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Steel Arches Roosevelt Lake Bridge – Arizona: Twin steel arches. Designer HNTB. University of Massachusetts Amherst

Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge Completed in 1994 near Nashville, Tennessee. Designer: Figg Engineering Group. First segmental post-tensioned concrete arch bridge in the U.S. Box section for arches, piers, and deck. Total length = 1648 ft. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Truss Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Truss Behavior Truss C T Forces in Truss Members University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Types of Trusses University of Massachusetts Amherst

Common Truss Types in Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Wood Covered Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Roof Trusses University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Truss Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

Montpelier, VT (American Bridge Co.) University of Massachusetts Amherst

Firth of Forth Bridge (Cantilever Construction) University of Massachusetts Amherst

Cantilever Truss Bridge (Queensboro Bridge, NY) University of Massachusetts Amherst

Bardwell’s Ferry Bridge University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Hells Gate Bridge Completed in 1916 for the NY connecting RR. Designed by Othmar Ammann (1912). Largest arch bridge in the world when completed. Main span = 1017 ft to face of abutments. Materials used: concrete, steel, cast iron, reinforcement, granite. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Bayonne Bridge Completed in 1931.Designed by Othmar Ammann (Chief Engineer). Architect Cass Gilbert (consulting). World’s longest steel bridge for almost half a century. First use of manganese steel (arch ribs and rivets). Main Span = 1675 ft.; width 85 ft. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Suspension Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

Anatomy of a Suspension Bridge Suspension Cable Deck Tower Anchorage Hanger University of Massachusetts Amherst

Verrazano Narrows Bridge University of Massachusetts Amherst

Anchorage Detail – Verrazano Narrows University of Massachusetts Amherst

Anchorage Detail – Verrazano Narrows University of Massachusetts Amherst

Menai Strait Bridge (Thomas Telford) Built by Thomas Telford; opened in 1826 Chain (wrought iron) suspension bridge with 580 ft main span (record at the time) Suffered from aerodynamic vibrations after opening and chains were braced Retrofitted repeatedly afterwards; wrought iron chains replaced by steel in 1939 University of Massachusetts Amherst

Menai Strait Bridge (Thomas Telford) University of Massachusetts Amherst

Essex-Merrimac Bridge,Amesbury, MA Spans Merrimack River between Newburyport & Deer Island. Designer – George Fillmore Swain. Constructed in 1909-1910. Build at site of old arch timber bridge (Timothy Palmer – 1792) and wrought iron chain link suspension bridge (James Finley -1810). Chain link bridge collapsed into water in 1827 when a heavily loaded ox cart crossed over it. Single suspension span = 225 ft. Stone piers. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Brooklyn Bridge Designed and built initially by John Roebling in 1867; completed by his son, Washington, after Roebling’s death in 1883. Main suspension span = 1596 ft (record-holder for about 20 yrs.). 4 cables, 5358 wires/cable. University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse We also learn from unsuccessful applications! University of Massachusetts Amherst

George Washington Bridge – As Built Designed by Othmar Ammann. Completed in 1931 over Hudson River. Main suspension span = 3500 ft (longest in the world at time of construction). Extremely low depth-to-span ratio. 4 cables, 26474 wires/cable. University of Massachusetts Amherst

George Washington Bridge Current view with second level added. University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Golden Gate Bridge Constructed from 1933-1937; designed by J.B. Strauss and Charles Ellis. Span = 4,200 ft.; 2 Cables, 27572 wires/cable (Roebling cable Co.) University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Golden Gate Bridge University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Cable-Stayed Bridges University of Massachusetts Amherst

Anatomy of a Cable Stayed Bridge (Fanned) Deck Pylon Cable Stay (Harped) Deck Pylon University of Massachusetts Amherst

Albert Bridge – Thames River (London) One of the earliest cable-stayed bridges, it opened in 1873. The spans are 147 ft, 384 ft, and 147 ft. Width of the bridge is a little over 41 ft. (London, England). (Source: NISEE: http://www.nisee.org/) University of Massachusetts Amherst

Sunshine Highway Bridge, Tampa FL University of Massachusetts Amherst

Normandy Bridge (France) Built in 1989-1995 crossing the Seine River between Le Havre and Honfleur, France. Inverted-Y Pylons, multi-cable in fan arrangement. Materials: RC pylons, PC deck, and PC/steel deck. Designer Michel Virlogeux. Main span = 856 m; total length = 2141 m. University of Massachusetts Amherst

Twin Diamond Shaped Pylons University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Akashi Kaikyo Bridge Completed in 1998 Main suspension span = 1991 m (6530 ft) - longest suspension span in the world. Tower height 297 m. Stiffening girder depth = 14 m University of Massachusetts Amherst

Harilaos Trikoupis Bridge (Greece) Completed in 2004, connecting Rion and Antirrion, Greece. Longest cable-supported bridge in the world. Cables in fan arrangement. Four-column diamond shape pylons. Materials: RC pylons, composite steel-RC deck. Main span = 560 m. (1840 ft). Total length = 2880 m. (9450 ft.). Span arrangement: 286-3x560-286 m. Designer Ingerop. Olympic flame crossed over bridge at inauguration. (Source: Structurae: http://www.structurae.net/en/) University of Massachusetts Amherst

University of Massachusetts Amherst Building Big Website http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/index.html University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tufts University Bridge Site http://www.ceeo.tufts.edu/etc/bridge/ University of Massachusetts Amherst