Cognition: Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity Solving Problems and Making Decisions Thinking and Language

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Chunking- Grouping things together to make them easier to remember

bed rest awake tired dream wake snooze blanket doze  slumber snore nap peace yawn drowsy

Primacy- Remembering the first thing you heard Recency- Remembering the most recent thing you heard

Module 31: Studying & Building Memories

MEMORY: The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Sensory Memory works as a filter Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine what to pay attention to.

Working Memory

Building Memories: Encoding Explicit Memory: Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. Implicit Memory: Retention independent of conscious recollection (skills we learn).

How does sensory memory work? Iconic Memory: A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. Echoic Memory: A momentary sensory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!! Working with information….. Chunking = https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/improving-short-term-memory.html

Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!! Working with information….. Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

Famous Mnemonic Devices Read each sentence or phase and record what it stands for. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally- Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain- Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge- King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup- My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles- Super Man Helps Every One-

Famous Mnemonic Devices Read each sentence or phase and record what it stands for. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally- (Parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction) Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain- (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet) Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge- (E,G,B,D,F) King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup- (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles- (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) Super Man Helps Every One- (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario)

Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval Retaining Information in the Brain Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.

Memory and the Brain We are still learning about the role of the brain in MEMORY. To what extent the brain is involved is still being determined.

Storage: Long-Term Memory hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions. Hippocampus

Long-Term Memory Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts) Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules, words, and meanings Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic Procedural memory – As we gain a skill, we gradually lose the ability to describe what we are doing. Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection

Memory Storage

DID YOU KNOW! Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are shocking or emotional The SQ3R method of studying improves your ability to recognize and recall information

FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first 83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World Records. FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled deck of cards in less than a minute FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with near perfect accuracy Alan Searleman, a professor of psychology at St. Lawrence University in New York, says eidetic imagery comes closest to being photographic. When shown an unfamiliar image for 30 seconds, so-called "eidetikers" can vividly describe the image—for example, how many petals are on a flower in a garden scene. They report "seeing" the image, and their eyes appear to scan across the image as they describe it. Still, their reports sometimes contain errors, and their accuracy fades after just a few minutes. Says Searleman, "If they were truly 'photographic' in nature, you wouldn't expect any errors at all." Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you saw. DOES IT EXIST?

Superior Autobiographical Memory http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-gift-of-endless-memory/

Module 33: Forgetting, Memory, Construction, and Memory Improvement

Encoding Failure

Retrieval Failure

Motivated Forgetting Self-serving personal histories Repression

FORGETTING Types Decay – fading away of memory over time Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue Procedural memory – As we gain a skill, we gradually lose the ability to describe what we are doing. Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning new information Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes with previously learned information

Memory Construction Errors Misinformation and Imagination Source amnesia (source misattribution) Déjà vu Discerning True and False Memories Repressed or Constructed Memories

Eyewitness Testimony It is often wrong Involves recognition Memory of event is often distorted Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning

Improving Memory Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful Activate retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Minimize interference Sleep more Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know

Module 34: Thinking, Cognition, and Creativity

Creativity Ways to boost creativity Develop your expertise Allow time for incubation Set aside time for the mind to roam freely Experience other cultures and ways of thinking

Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions

Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Algorithms Step-by-step Heuristic Insight Confirmation bias Mental set

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments Intuition Automatic unreasoned feelings and thoughts Seat of their pants The Representative Heuristic Prototype Likelihood of something Overconfidence Belief perseverance Consider the opposite Framing

Module 36: Thinking and Language

Language and Language Acquisitions https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-language.html https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/language-acquisition.html

Language Development Receptive language Productive language Babbling stage One-word stage Two-word stage Telegraphic speech

Language Development

Language and the Brain Aphasia Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area

Language What is language? Language Acquisition https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-language.html Language Acquisition https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/language-acquisition.html