The enlarging EU: tools, concerns and Pathways Lecture 6

Enlargement as a political tool To reunite Europe (and avoid Russian “expansion” To calm down Western Balkans To attract Ukraine and Caucasus (Georgia?)

Enlargement as a political tool Passive leverage The “carrot” Active leverage The “stick”

Active leverage Assymetric Meritocracy The role of the Commission

The requirements The Copenhagen criteria The Acquis Communautaire June 1993 Amsterdam Treat 1997 States that do not fulfil these criteria can be excluded from voting! The Acquis Communautaire About 80 000 pages Have to be accepted in full (no exceptions)

First “Road-Map” White paper from 1994 to prepare applicant states for the Single Market PHARE-aid programme

The process 1) signing trade agreements 2) signing association agreements (Europe Agreements) 3) beginning screening 4) opening negotiations 5) opening and closing of chapters 6) signing an accession treaty 7)ratification by national parliaments and European parliament

Association Agreements The first tool of active leverage, but in effect not used Essentially trade agreements, but establishing a political relationship as well (commercial interests before conditionality)

Opinions July 1997 opinions on membership applications Overview of the state of the political and economic reforms in each country, plus how close for membership 1998 Regular reports

Agenda 2000 Taken in 1999 Prepared by the Commission in 1997 To enlarge, but also reform the EU

10+2 negotiations 1998 Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia 1999 Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania

Western Balkans Kosovo crisis: need for new approach Stabilisation and Association process Stabilisation and association Agreements

After 2004 Enlargement fatigue Renewed commitment 2004/2005 Turkey and Croatia 2005 Road map