Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151 Add the following root words to your journal: Root Meaning Science example Poly many polymer Mers units polymer Mono only one monomer Macro large Macromolecule Ose sugar sucrose Di two disaccharide Tri three triglyceride Hydro Water hydrophobic Phobic fearing hydrophobic Philic loving hydrophilic Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151

What is organic chemistry? The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON Natural elements: make up 96% of the mass of a human: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN (C,H,O,N) Trace elements: only needed in small amounts, called “minerals” (phosphate)

Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151

Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151 Four polymers of the human body: Carbohydrates – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Lipids – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur Nucleic Acids- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 “Carbohydrate loading” Why does a runner eat large quantities of spaghetti or bread the day before a race? 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 “Carbohydrate loading” Carbohydrates provide energy for the cells. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of carbohydrates The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide (mah noh SA kuh ride). (ie. __________, fructose) Disaccharide (sucrose) polysaccharides, polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits. (ie. Cellulose, glycogen, and starch) 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Examples of Carbohydrates Cellulose (insoluble fiber) is a polysaccharide used to form cell walls in plants. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Examples of Carbohydrates Glycogen is a polysaccharide made and stored in animals for energy. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Examples of Carbohydrates Have you heard of a starch? What are some examples of starches? Starch is used as energy storage by plant cells. (animals can also break this down and use it for energy) 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Functions of Lipids 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Uses of Lipids Insulation Energy Storage Protective coating 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

LIPIDS Made up mainly of C & H & O Because they are non-polar they are insoluble in water Saturated: has maximum number of H bonds usually solid at room temperature Unsaturated: at least one double bond causes “kinks”/bends = makes close packing much more difficult usually liquid

Triglyceride

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The function of proteins Why would you eat a lot of protein? 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Function of a protein Provide structure for tissue and organs, and carries out cell metabolism. What parts of your body are made of protein? 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Enzymes The protein responsible for carrying out the bodies chemical reactions are called enzymes. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of proteins A protein is a polymer composed of amino acids. There are about 20 common amino acids. 12 can be made by the body. The rest must be consumed. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. Dipeptide Polypeptide

How can only 20 amino acids make the 1000’s of proteins necessary for the human body to function?

Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. Teacher – cheater Sobbing- robbing (1 change in 574 amino acids)

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids A nucleic (noo KLAY ihk) acid stores cellular information (genetics) in the form of a code. Nucleic Acids will contain carbon, hydrogen, ________, __________ and ___________. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids Nucleotides are arranged in three groups—a nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group. Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Can you think of any examples of nucleic acid in your body? 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid. RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid is also a nucleic acid. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Nucleic acids vs. Proteins The information coded in DNA contains the instructions used to form an organism 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

In which type of molecule will you find peptide bonds? (TX Obj 2; 4B) A. carbohydrate C. protein B. lipid D. fatty acid Section 3 Check

What biomolecule is represented in this diagram? (TX Obj 2; 6A) Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base A. carbohydrate C. protein B. nucleotide D. lipid Section 3 Check