State and Local Government Ch 11-12 Guided Reading

1. Which powers do the states alone have? Set up local governments Conduct elections Set up public school systems Oversee business Traffic laws

2. What current issues are examples of the “tug-of-war” for a stronger role between the state and national governments? Marijuana Gay Marriage Gun Laws Abortion Laws Education

3. Why have citizen legislators been replaced by professional legislators in most states? Job became more complex Growth of industry and cities = new government responsibilities Time committment

4. On what basis are seats in state legislatures apportioned? Divided by district on the basis of equal representation (districts are roughly equal in population)

5. Explain how the initiative and referendum allow citizens to participate in the lawmaking process. Initiative- Citizens can propose state laws by gathering signatures on a petition Referendum- When a law is proposed or passed by the state legislature then put to the people for a vote of approval or rejection

6. Name two major sources of state revenue. Taxes Sales Excise Income Federal Funds Categorical Grants Block Grants Bonds, certificates, lotteries

7. In what ways are the roles of the governor like those of the president? Oversees the state executive branch Enforces laws Appoints officials Manipulate public opinion to support legislation Veto Bills Pardon Limited terms

8. In what ways is the governor’s team of executive officials unlike the President’s cabinet? State executive officials are voted into office, not selected

9. What is the purpose of the state executive agencies? To carry out the day-to-day work of the executive branch Health Education Revenue Natural Resources

10. What is the basic structure of the state court systems?

11. What is the Missouri Plan? Why was is used? Process of selecting judges Governor appoints judges based on a list of candidates prepared by judges, lawyers, and citizens People vote “yes” or “no” in the next election Good compromise between governor appointment and election.

12. Why did the Supreme Court find for the citizens group rather than the mall owners in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins? California’s state constitution offered greater protections for free speech than the Federal Constitution

1. Why were American colonies divided into counties? To carry out laws in rural areas Most farmers lived far apart Keeps law and order on a smaller scale

2. Describe the layout of a typical New England town. Homes Church School Farmland Crops

3. Why are special districts sometimes necessary? If a single service is needed, like water to one particular region Enables communities to collaborate instead of handling a problem on their own

4. For what purpose was the council-manager plan created? To run government like a business to eliminate potential for corruption

5. How do local governments help provide for public education? Elementary, middle, high school 2-year colleges Decide courses Build schools Hire teachers Money

6. What are the major factors considered by people who plan land use in communities? Zoning- where homes, industry, businesses, stores, restaurants, etc. should be How people in the community will be impacted Growth rate

7. What are some ways that local governments help protect public safety? Police officers Firefighters Building codes

8. What are two ways by which a community might pay for a major project such as a new airport or new school? Selling bonds Grants

9. What are some ways in which local governments compete and cooperate? Cooperation Councils of governments- designed to help local governments work together for the region Pool funding to provide services Community collaboration Compete Attract new business Federal money

10. In what ways do state and local governments cooperate and conflict? Cooperation Carry out state programs Collaborative funding, education, health care, law enforcement, etc. Conflict State matter v. local matters

11. Why do federal, state, and local governments often have to work together? Many problems affect all levels of society Law enforcement Health Education Pollution