Drinking practices, alcohol policy and prevention programmes in Japan Susumu Higuchi, Sachio Matsushita, Yoneatsu Osaki  International Journal of Drug Policy  Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages 358-366 (July 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005 Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Annual trends in per-capita alcohol consumption as pure ethanol. Note: Alcohol consumption per legal drinker aged 20 years or older is also presented in the graph. Because the number of legal drinkers has increased every year, average alcohol consumption has been decreasing. Source: National Tax Agency (1974–2004, 2004, 2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Trends in the number of licensed retailers and producers. Source: National Tax Agency (2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Annual trends in the number of vending machines of alcoholic beverages. Note: VM: vending machines. Source: National Tax Agency (2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Law enforcement for underage drinking. Note: Number of minors subjected to police guidance, and that of adults convicted due to violations of LPMD or LRBAPM. LPMD: Law Prohibiting Minors from Drinking. LRBAPM: Law to Rationalise Businesses that may Affect Public Morals. Source: Juvenile Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency (2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Annual trends in death toll due to traffic accidents and DUI offenders. Note: DUI: Driving under the influence of alcohol. Source: Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (1981–2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Annual trends in liquor tax revenue and percentages of liquor tax to total tax revenue. Note: US$ 1=110 Japanese yen. Source: National Tax Agency (2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Trends in alcohol consumption by beverage type. Note: Figures in the graph are actual amounts consumed and not pure ethanol. Source: National Tax Agency (2005). International Journal of Drug Policy 2006 17, 358-366DOI: (10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.05.005) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions