음성학(Phonetics) 음운론(Phonology)

5. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language 1. Sound Segments 1. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. To describe speech sounds, it is necessary to know what as individual sound is, and how each sound differs from all others. 2. A speaker of English knows that there are three sounds /b/, /ʌ/, /s/ in the word bus. Yet, physically the word is just one continuous sound. You can segment that one sound into parts because you know English. -- See the cartoon in page 190. 3. Some phrases and sentences that are clearly distinct when printed may be ambiguous when spoken. grade A gray day I scream ice cream the sun’s rays meet the sons raise meat The lack of breaks between spoken words and individual sounds often makes us think that speakers of foreign languages run their words together, unaware that we do too.

- The Phonetic Alphabet 1. Orthography, a general term for “spelling” in any language, does not necessarily represent the sounds of a language in a consistent way. (a) The same sound is represented differently: [i]: Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas? The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine. (b) The letter a represents the various sounds: My father wanted many a village dame badly. [a] [ɔ] [ɛ] [ə] [i] [ei] [æ] (c) A combination of letters may represent a single sound: shoot character Thomas physics either deal [ʃ] [k] [t] [f] [ð] [i] rough nation coat glacial theater plain *[ei] or [ou] is a single sound. [f] [ʃ] [ou] [ʃ] [ɵ] [ei]

(d) A single letter represents two or more sounds: six, ox [ks] In many words, the letter u represents a y sound followed by a u sound: cute (sounds like [kyut]; compare coot) fume (sounds like [fyum]; compare fool) use (sounds like [yus]; compare umlaut) (e) Some letters have no sound in certain words(so called silent letters): mnemonic autumn asthma corps honest chthonic hole Christmas psychology sword debt gnaw bough phthalate island knot (f) Some letters has no sound: the gh is silent in all but rough, where it is pronounced [f]. Spelling Pronunciation though [ðo] thought [Ɵɔt] rough [rʌf] bough [baʊ] through [Ɵru] would [wʊd]

International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) - In 1888, members of the International Phonetic Association developed a phonetic alphabet to symbolize the sounds of all languages. - They utilized both ordinary letters and invented symbols. - The IPA(국제음성기호) should include just enough symbols to represent the fundamental sounds of all languages. - Refer to Table 5.1 on page 193. (a) We will enclose phonetic symbols in square brackets [ ] to distinguish them from ordinary letters. (b) The symbol [ə] in sofa toward the bottom right of the Table 5.1 is called a schwa, which is not emphasized in speaking and whose duration is very short, such as general, about, reader, etc. (c) Some of you may pronounce the words which and witch identically. If you do, the initial sound of both words is symbolized by [w]. If you don’t, the “breathy” wh of which is represented by [ʍ]. 9<1>