What is the function of the parts of the EYE What is the function of the parts of the EYE? (Baby bio pg 907) What is the function of the parts of the EAR? (Baby bio pg 908)

http://www. iknow. net/player_window. html. url=media/synapses_auto http://www.iknow.net/player_window.html?url=media/synapses_auto.swf&width=360&height=317 http://animations.3d4medical.com/The-internal-structure-of-the-ear-animation_AN2057.html http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter19/animation__effect_of_sound_waves_on_cochlear_structures__quiz_2_.html

Great Animations McGraw Hill Animations of almost every chapter http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120060/ravenanimation.html Brain Pop Search by topic you are interested in (use before 5:30 pm) Username: gators1 Password: gators1 Biology Interactive Animations http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/bio1int.htm Lab Bench All 12 labs! Review and Games http://www.jdenuno.com/APBiology/APBioGames.htm College Board Recommended Websites http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/19934.html

Schedule for last 3 classes Tuesday—Lab 6, Lab 7, Lab 8, Lab 9 (FRQ) -Study groups, flashcards, review book, animations Thursday—Lab 10, Lab 11, Lab 12 (FRQ) Friday---Study groups, flashcards, review book, animations Meet at 7:40 am on Monday, May 14th Email breakfast requests

Ch. 48 Nervous Systems

Nervous system PNS, CNS INPUT: Sensory Neurons (receptors) afferent Nervous system interneurons efferent PNS, CNS Effector cells INPUT: Sensory Neurons (receptors) INTEGRATION: CNS(brain & spinal cord) Interneurons OUTPUT: Motor Neurons (effectors)

The Reflex Arc

The Neuron Dendrites receive the signal, axon delivers the signal away to another neuron or to the CNS Myelin sheaths (white matter) insulate the axon and are made by Schwanns cells or oligodendrocytes. Schwanns and Oligodendrocytes are both types of supporting cells called glia. What is saltatory conduction? P.970 What is a Node of Ranvier? What is a synapse?

Anatomy of a Neuron Makes myelin - PNS >Speed of Transmission: Larger axons & Myelin sheath (Saltatory conduction)

Animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120107/bio_d.swf::Action Potential Propagation in an Unmyelinated Axon

-70 mV is the resting membrane potential Outside is always zero Less (+) inside = “-” inside and “+” outside -70 mV is the resting membrane potential

What makes a signal travel down the axon ?

Action Potential (“all or none” nerve impulse) Na+ into the cell Action Potential (“all or none” nerve impulse) K+ out of the cell EPSP Membrane potential (mV) -70 -50 0 +35 Threshold Potential reached: -50 Na/K pump restores resting state restored (-70) Hyperpolarization from ___ ions 0 1 2 3 4 Time (milliseconds)

INHIBITORY(-) EXCITATORY (+) Hyperpolarization: more negative inside by K+ moving out—does not cause an action potential Depolarization: inside gains more positive charge by Na+ rushing in EXCITATORY (+) INHIBITORY(-) -70 What is meant by all–or–none action potential?

The steps of an action potential…

Resting State Na+ gates closed, K+ gate closed Na/K pump is maintaining –70mV

Na+ gate OPENS, (fast gate) K+ channels are still closed (slow gate) Depolarizing Phase Na+ gate OPENS, (fast gate) K+ channels are still closed (slow gate) Na+ rushes into the neuron (+ + + +)

Na+ inactivation gate closes, K+ slow gate OPENS RE-polarizing Phase Na+ inactivation gate closes, K+ slow gate OPENS K+ rushes out of the neuron

Na+ channels closed, K+ channels still OPEN Undershoot Na+ channels closed, K+ channels still OPEN K+ still rushes out of the neuron (Hyperpolarizing the inside - - - - - -)

Animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html

Direction of transmission? Slow closing of the K+ channels prevents “back-flow” One way flow of Electricity!

Chemical synapses TERMS: Vesicles synaptic cleft neurotrans-mitters receptor ion channel Pre/post synaptic membrane Enzymes to degrade the neurotrans-mitters Chemical synapses

Temporal and Spatial Summation Summation of IPSP & EPSP Inhibitory(-) & Excitatory(+) Post-Synaptic Potential Temporal and Spatial Summation

PNS

AUTONOMIC Sym-pathetic Para-sympa-thetic Stress (like a “fight or flight” response) Para-sympa-thetic Peace (relaxed, normal functions)

Thalamus Hypothalamus The real thing . . . . . . . . Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Brain stem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Cerebrum

Right versus left Cerebrum

BRAIN STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata & Pons = (autonomic, homeostatic, data conduction) Midbrain = (receives and integrates sensory information) Cerebellum: Automatic coordination of movements and balance Thalamus:integration of stimuli coming to the brain Hypothalamus: important homeostatic regulation (temperature, hunger, thirst) & hormones Cerebrum: memory, learning , emotions, motor movements, sensory cortex areas

Always use your brain! http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nervous-system/adam-200008.htm

Data for Daphnia Copy and graph. Interpret graph Temperature (celsius) Heart Rate (beats/min) 5 108 10 152 15 211 20 290

Discussion Questions Why does temperature affect heart rate in ectothermic organisms? Discuss what results you might obtain if you repeated this experiment using an endothermic organism Why does smoking cause a rise in blood pressure? Explain why blood pressure and heart rate differ when measured in reclining position and in a standing position.

Describe how the structure of alveoli relates to its function? http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter25/animation__gas_exchange_during_respiration.html Describe how the structure of alveoli relates to its function?

Structure and function in snails

Open books to pgs 899 and 906

AP Bio Exam—Mon, May 14th at 8 am

Animal Development Chapter 47 ~ Animal Development

Embryonic development/fertilization Preformation~ until 18th century; miniature infant in sperm or egg At fertilization/conception: Acrosomal reaction~ hydrolytic enzyme action on egg jelly coat…. Fast block to polyspermy~ membrane depolarization prevents multiple fertilizations…. Cortical reaction~ release of calcium causes hardening of egg outer layer and creates a... Slow block to polyspermy and... Egg activation~ increases metabolic activity; protein synthesis

The Fertilized Egg & Cleavage Blastomeres~ resultant cells of cleavage/mitosis Yolk~ nutrients stored in the egg Vegetal pole~ side of egg with high yolk concentration Animal pole ~ side of egg with low yolk concentration Morula~solid ball of cells Blastocoel~fluid-filled cavity in morula Blastula~hollow ball stage of development

Gastrulation Gastrula~ 2 layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage 3 Embryonic germ layers: Ectoderm~ outer layer; epidermis; nervous system, etc. Endoderm~ inner layer; digestive tract and associated organs; respiratory, etc. Mesoderm~skeletal; muscular; excretory, etc. Invagination~ gastrula buckling process to create the... Archenteron~ primitive gut Blastopore~ open end of archenteron

Organogenesis: organ formation Blastodisc~ cap of cells on top of yolk Primitive streak~ invagination of blastodisc Neural tube~ beginning of spinal cord Somites~ vertebrae and skeletal muscles Neural crest~ bones and muscles of skull

Amniote embryos Extraembryonic membranes: •yolk sac (support; circulatory function) •amnion (fluid-filled sac; protection) •chorion (placenta formation) •allantois (nitrogenous waste)

Child birth http://www.evtv1.com/player.aspx?itemnum=8157

KNOW THIS! Table 47.1 GERM LAYER ECTODERM p. 945 Organs and tissues formed ECTODERM Skin, cornea and lens of eye, nervous system (neural tube), mouth and rectum ENDODERM Digestive tract lining, respiratory system lining, many organs MESODERM Notochord, skeleton, muscles, circulatory systems, reproductive system, excretory system KNOW THIS!

Triploblastic (know 3 layers/colors) Urchin Gastrulation ( proto or deutero-stome ? ) Triploblastic (know 3 layers/colors) Archenteron, blastocoel

Nerve cord? Notochord? Primitive streak What structure(s) does each layer give rise to? Organogenesis (differentiation) happens very early