Learning Targets How can archaeological evidence be used to understand ancient cultures? What are the four characteristics of a civilization?

5 themes of World History Cultural Interaction Political Structures Economic Structures Social Structures Human-Environment Interaction Spread of: Religion Belief systems Science and technology Arts Form of government Growth of empires Development of nations Political revolutions Global organizations Expansion of trade How labor is used Rise of industry Economic theories Gender roles Family and kinship customs Racial and ethnic differences and their impact on society Social class Economic class Disease Population growth or decline Migration Patterns of settlement Natural disasters

Unit One Developments During the Middle Ages 1000-1400 A.D. (C.E.)

Civilizations Main characteristics of civilizations: People produce extra food Some form of government exists Division of labor: people perform different jobs System of writing Cultural diffusion—spread of culture from one area to another

Kingdoms of the Nile 3100 B.C.—395 A.D. Pharaohs—went to war, added territory, encouraged trade, etc. Egyptians had an advanced calendar to track the Nile floods Used geometry to rebuild field boundaries and build the pyramids Preserved dead bodies to achieve immortality

Tigris-Euphrates Kingdoms 3000 B.C.—539 B.C. Southwest Asia—AKA Mesopotamia or the Fertile Crescent Sumerians created writing system known as cuneiform + were first to use the wheel Code of Hammurabi (powerful ruler)—early law code known for its harsh punishments Eventually taken over by the Persians

Indian Civilizations Harappan civilization—advanced city planning and written language Gupta dynasty—Golden Age of Indian history Caste system—all people were organized into social classes Understood the rotation of Earth on its Axis Inoculation—infecting people with a disease so they wouldn’t get as sick

Thinking Questions Write out the question and answer in 3 sentences each 1. What are some things discovered by these ancient civilizations that still exist today? 2. Why do you think these things still exist and how did they spread from one area/culture to another?