Study Points Explain why the Moon exhibits phases. Draw the Sun-Earth-Moon system showing the Moon’s orbit (not to scale), draw Moon in 8 different positions in its orbit and shade in Earth and Moon indicating which side is lit and which is dark. Use that drawing to explain what phase you will see for each of the Moon’s locations you drew. Predict the approximate time of day/night you should look for first quarter moon, full moon, last quarter moon. Explain your thinking using a sketch of the Earth-Moon-Sun system. Knowing when new Moon occurs, predict about when first quarter, full, and last quarter Moons will occur. Know about how many days are in between the phases. Explain why the Sun, Moon and stars appear to rise in the east and set in the west. Explain why we have day and night using a sketch of Sun-Earth-Moon system to help. In one hour, the Moon, Sun, and stars move about how many degrees on the sky? How can you easily calculate that number (hint: how far does the Earth rotate in 24 hours)? In one day, the Moon moves about how many degrees on the sky? How can you easily calculate that number (hint: about through how many degrees does Moon revolve in 30 days)? What direction does the Moon move from one night to the next? Explain? What is a mare? What causes craters, especially on the Moon? What is the Moon’s terminator? Explain how astronomers think the Moon formed and give evidence. Explain why you always see the same face of the Moon. What causes a solar eclipse? What causes a lunar eclipse? Use the terms rotation and revolution correctly. Know their definitions. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS: Curtain, Earth globe, Tennis ball and stand, Sun lamp, Orrery, Starry Night, Solar System Simulator, Styro Moons, Notecards for survey HANDOUTS: Moon Phases Observation

Cycles of the Sky: Part 1 Moon

Moon Terminology Terminator – line between light and dark Craters Mare/Maria (mar-e-ah) Phases Rotation (spin) Revolution (orbit) Terminator – line between light and darkness on Moon Craters – indentations caused by a meteorite/asteroid (on the Moon in this case), no atmosphere to slow them down or burn them up and nothing to cover them up over time Maria – large, basaltic plains caused by volcanic eruptions, looked like oceans (Latin for seas), lowlands Lunar Highlands – Lighter surface, older and more cratered than newer maria Mare – oceans on Moon, low lying dark areas, why dark? More basalt from lava flows Phases – changing shape of the lit Moon that is visible to us on Earth Rotation – rotates on axis Revolution – revolves around another body Moon Observation Projects: Moon Phases (starts today) Moon Craters (last week) http://www.astronomy.org/StarWatch/January/1-15-08-moon.jpg

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Most motion is CCW in space; ask about Earth and Moon rotation and revolution

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Earth rotates and revolves in the counterclockwise direction Moon rotates and revolves in the counterclockwise direction Most motion is CCW in space

Moon’s Motion You decide to watch our moon for a few hours one night. Which way does it move in the sky? 1. Toward the east 2. Toward the west (Show on Starry Night) Toward west, same as sun Rises in the east, Sets in the west Next full moon on 9/16/16

Moon’s Motion You decide to watch our moon for a few hours one night. Which way does it move in the sky? 1. Toward the east 2. Toward the west (Show on Starry Night) Rises in the East and Sets in the West Toward west, same as sun Rises in the east, Sets in the west Next full moon on 9/16/16

What is moving? 1. Moon orbits (revolution) 2. Earth spins (rotation) 3. Both What is moving that predominantly causes the motion you just saw? 3. Sun moves 3 and then 2

What is moving? 1. Moon orbits (revolution) 2. Earth spins (rotation) 3. Both What is moving that predominantly causes the motion you just saw? 3. Sun moves 3 and then 2

About how long does Earth take to spin (rotate) once? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 2. 1 day

About how long does Earth take to spin (rotate) once? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 2. 1 day

About how long does our Moon take to orbit (revolve) once around Earth? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 3. 1 month

About how long does our Moon take to orbit (revolve) once around Earth? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 3. 1 month

Which way does Moon revolve (orbit)? 1. Same direction that Earth spins 2. Opposite direction that Earth spins View from space with Solar System Simulator http://sssim.com/en/index.html Draw it You can try your own Solar System Simulator here: http://www.faustweb.net/ Same Drag with right mouse to zoom

Which way does Moon revolve (orbit)? 1. Same direction that Earth spins = CCW 2. Opposite direction that Earth spins View from space with Solar System Simulator http://sssim.com/en/index.html Draw it You can try your own Solar System Simulator here: http://www.faustweb.net/ Same Drag with right mouse to zoom

If you watch Moon for a few hours, which motion dominates? 1. Moon’s motion due Earth’s spin (rotation) 2. Moon’s motion due to its own orbit around Earth (revolution) (Draw it) 1.

If you watch Moon for a few hours, which motion dominates? 1. Moon’s motion due Earth’s spin (rotation) 2. Moon’s motion due to its own orbit around Earth (revolution) (Draw it) 1.

If you note Moon’s position from one hour to the next, predict if it will move 1. East to west 2. West to east If you note Moon’s position from one night to the next, predict if it will move Starry Night for both 1 and then 2

If you note Moon’s position from one hour to the next, predict if it will move 1. East to west 2. West to east If you note Moon’s position from one night to the next, predict if it will move Starry Night for both 1 and then 2

Moon’s Motion Conclusion Minute to minute the Sun, Moon, stars appear to rise in east and set in west due to Earth’s spin (rotation). Day to day, Moon moves west to east due to Moon’s orbit (revolution) around Earth

How much does our Moon move each day? Add degrees to drawing Drawing on board of Moon around Earth About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does our Moon move each day? About 12 degrees per day (~10 deg/day) Moon rises later each day Add degrees to drawing About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

8 Moon Phases What we see from Earth… New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent What we see from Earth…

Moon Phases What we see from space… Orerry with light Handout styrofoam moons and setup sunlamp in front of room facing students. Turn lights off and make sure curtain is on windows. Orerry with light

Moon Phases Demonstration Lamp in front of the room acts as the Sun Each student holds a Moon Try to see phases of the Moon as seen from Earth

Moon Phases – Notice the Sun Changed Handout Moon Phases Orerry with light

Moon Phases Drawing/explanation of Phases and Moon location in orbit around Earth Observing Project: Moon Phases Handout Moon Phases

Moon Phases Observation From Aug. 31 to Oct. 12 complete Record phases and location of the Moon over 4 separate dates. Observe 4 different phases of the Moon. There are 8 phases of the Moon over ~28 days. Class website has more details in Moon Phases observation file. Turn in the Moon Phases Observation sheet or take a picture of it and email it to the instructor. If you email it from your school email, then you will receive your grade by email, otherwise view grade on class website. Show grades

Full Moon/Horizon illusion Full Moon/Horizon illusion. Super Moon is only 10% larger at perigee than apogee Pass out scratch paper for survey http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap050623.html http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011015.html

http://antwrp. gsfc. nasa. gov/apod/image/0505/lighthouse_landolfi_big http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0505/lighthouse_landolfi_big.jpg

Does the Moon rotate? We pretty much always see the same side of Moon. There is no dark side of the Moon because all of it gets lit by the sun at some point.

Does the Moon rotate? Yes, its rotation keeps the same side of the Moon always facing Earth Tidal Locking video demo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking Moon’s libration http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040829.html We pretty much always see the same side of Moon. There is no dark side of the Moon because all of it gets lit by the sun at some point. Handout scratch paper to record and turn in with names

Earth’s Moon

Moon Phases Survey Use scratch paper Write full name 6 multiple choice questions

Moon Phases Survey Top view Not to scale Five positions of Moon Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

1. Which position of Moon has the GREATEST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

2. Which position of Moon has the LEAST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E Moon images from http://www.cstarsoas.org.nz/index.php?mod=art&id_pag=52

6. In the moon phase pictures on the right, what causes Moon to change its appearance this way? As Moon orbits Earth, Earth’s shadow covers Moon. Clouds block part of Moon from our view. c. As Moon orbits Earth, we see different views of Moon’s sunlit side.

Moon Survey Answers

1. Which position of Moon has the GREATEST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

2. Which position of Moon has the LEAST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E Moon images from http://www.cstarsoas.org.nz/index.php?mod=art&id_pag=52

As Moon orbits Earth, Earth’s shadow covers Moon. 6. In the moon phase pictures on the right, what causes Moon to change its appearance this way? As Moon orbits Earth, Earth’s shadow covers Moon. Clouds block part of Moon from our view. c. As Moon orbits Earth, we see different views of Moon’s sunlit side. Hand them to your left and I will collect them

Homework Make flashcards or write out your answers to the study points covered to this point (4 lectures). Complete Earth-Sun Scale Model. Due Sep. 5 by midnight (11:59pm). Plan how and when you will observe the Moon so you can do the Moon Phases Observation. Plan how and when you will complete Star Gazing, Telescopes, & Moon Craters D2L Quizzes 1 & 2 View grades on class website