Module 7-section2* 50 points Potential Climate Impacts By CA-07 Class * Module 7 - section1 is the sources of global temperature measurements section that I did in the class.

Global Warming Temperature of the Earth Increasing! Global Warming is not Uniform. Why?

Ice-Albedeo Feedback Ice-Albedo feedback : high latitude warmer than the low latitude (3-5 0C) However, permafrost is just a little bit different. Permafrost = frozen soil. When it melts, it becomes an active zone. The water and heat from these active zones can become so strong that it could make holes in frozen lakes, causing more global warming.

Green house gases Warming is more intense in cold parts of earths surface Land is hotter than water because water evaporates and carries heat away Green house heat waves are very intense. In Europe 2003, 35k people were killed.

Emergent Effects Changes in global temp. rearranges weather patterns and water supply A warmer world would increase rainfall, buy would not be efficiently distributed.

Hadley Circulation The equator heats up causing water vapor to rise and form rain clouds As the water vapor warms it causes rainfall at the equator and drought in the subtropics (30 degrees North or South)

Higher latitude storms Global warming will cause the ice sheets to melt pushing massive amounts of water vapor into the air. The increase in temp will create massive storms due to the high temp and water vapor being pushed into the air.

Monsoons Monsoons are driven by temperature difference Different temperatures drive the winds to blow in different ways that dump the water as rainfall. Monsoons are sensitive to change in temperature that drive them and make them stronger that tend to vary year to year.

Droughts Continental interiors are expected to dry out. Areas on earth that are dry today, are expected to get drier; increasing likelihood of drought. Droughts are driven by changes in the water cycle. Drought is probably a more significant danger to agriculture than heat alone. American southwest, Mediterranean, and Australia are already undergoing drought conditions.

Plants Transpiration Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plants leaves. Water is necessary for plants, but only small amount, which is taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism.

Glaciers Are melting during summer, this increases the sea level. Creates social problems- water supply.

Water Vapor Warmer air equals more water vapor More water vapor equals more energy More energy equals more rain Stronger storms as a result of this

Tropical cyclones Hurricanes may get more intense and prevalent in a warmer world.( a warmer world would be stormier) Every year there are about 90 tropical storms, 40 of them become cyclones. Storms grow from combinations of winds and pressures which is serve as seeds for storm. The seeds of storm are determined by the structure of winds in the air, whether they blow in the same directions or in different directions at different altitudes.

Hurricanes Hurricanes draw their power from water vapor and warm air over oceans They will not form if the Surface Sea Temperature is below 26 degrees Celsius Their birth and growth is affected by subtleties in the atmosphere and oceans A warmer world would lead to more frequent and more powerful hurricanes Cyclones gain power from high winds drawing cold water from the ocean and warm air together

Storm surge Storm surge equals a rise in sea level Low pressure in the center of the storm pulls water up Winds blow water up in a pile New Orleans was flooded because of this

Ice and Sea Level Why does the sea level rise? -Thermal expansion: when water gets warmer it expands - Land ice melting (sea ice, glaciers, mice sheets, ice shelves)

Ice and Sea Level Archimedes’ Principle- ice already in sea does not raise sea levels, it displaces its own weight in the water. Ice on land increases sea levels Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets hold most of the water. Mountain glaciers respond quickly to climate Greenland Ice sheets-air at the base is close to melting temp. if 2 Celsius warmer, would raise sea level by 7 m

Ice and Sea Level (cont) IPCC forecast sea level to rise from 0.1 to .5m by end of the century It would take thousands of years to melt Antarctica and Greenland Scientists still are not fully sure on all the factors that cause ice to melt

Ice and Sea Level (cont) Sea level depends on the total volume of water in the ocean Also depends on geological movement As a result of melting ice sheets Isostasy- the earths crust floats on the mantle Subtract the melted ice weight & crust will float higher Vertical motion in other parts of the world Rise in vertical motion Bangladesh is being swept away

Human Impacts Warming climate due to changes in water availablility Climate changes affect crop yeilds because corn is sensitive to heat spikes Less corn per season Increasing CO2 helps plants deal with water stress Farmers will have to plant different crops in the future

Human Impacts Number of species on Earth is decreasing due to human land use Climate change contributes to extinction because it forces natural ecosystems to relocate This is due to human land use and industrializing their habitats

Human impact Rising temperatures are widening the areas that tropical diseases are able to effect Tropical disease has a significant impact but is not the most important reason to combat global warming The impact of global warming is more likely to effect tropical and third world countries where there are less resources to buffer set backs.

HW-6: Due Oct 29th Explain briefly why Global warming is not globally uniform (Include 5 factors in your discussion). What is the role of vegetation in a drought? Why do some kinds of ice on Earth change the sea level when they melt and other kinds do not?