MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Allameh Tabatabae’I University Winter 2017

01:00 Session four & five Chapter 4 & 11, Reeve’s book

Need Need: necessary conditions for survival, growth, and well-being If unsatisfied leads to damage on body, self, and social life All needs generate energy however in different directions/ deficiency or growth motivations/ different emotions

Inner system for regulating physiological needs

Hall drive theory

Concepts of Hall drive theory Physiological need: deficient biological condition, occurred by bloodstream deficits, representing life-threatening emergencies if remaining unmet. Psychological drive: conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious biological need, generate motivation for behavior Homeostasis: steady state of equilibrium Negative feedback: homeostasis’ physiological stop system Multiple Inputs/Multiple Outputs: drive is an intervening variable to integrate the relationships among several diverse input and output variables Intraorganismic Mechanisms: all the biological regulatory systems within the person Extraorganismic Mechanisms: cognitive, environmental, social, and cultural influences

The Homeostatic Mechanisms

Hunger Physiological need: reduction in the level of glucose, increasing Ghrelin Psychological drive: appetite, feeling hungry Homeostasis: increasing and decreasing Ghrelin and Leptin Negative feedback: increasing Leptin Multiple Inputs: hours of food deprivation, the tempting smell of fresh popcorn, and hanging out at a party with food on every table Multiple Outputs: amount of calories consumed, latency to begin eating, and probability of eating a meal versus skipping it Intraorganismic Mechanisms: hypothalamus (brain structure), glucose and insulin hormones (endocrine system), and the stomach and liver (bodily organs) Extraorganismic Mechanisms: beliefs about calories and goals for losing weight (cognitive influences), the smell of food and the time of day (environmental influences), the presence of others and peer pressure to eat or not to eat (social influences), and sex roles and cultural ideals about desirable and undesirable body shapes (cultural influences)

Emotions

Emotion and motivation One type of motivation (deprivation of air) The most important part of life rather than other types of motivation Emotions constitute the primary motivational system. Motivational system feedback (all is well or not) Positive emotions (interest, joy) during motivated action provide a metaphorical green light for continuing to pursue that course of action; negative emotions (disgust, guilt) during motivated action, on the other hand, provide a metaphorical red light for stopping the pursuit of that course of action.

Definition Hypothetical construct Experiencing four elements: functional subjective experience physiology expression We have to experience all of these factors to have an emotion. It is not emotion if we don't experience any of these four factors. The whole has something more than its components. Subjective, Biological, Purposive, and Social phenomena (Izard, 1993). Emotions are short-lived, feeling–arousal–purposive–expressive phenomena that help us adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events.

Four elements of emotions

Discussion What if subjective experience was dissonance? (in therapy?) What if expression of emotions was dissonance with situation? (emotional memory) What if there was not physiology factor in experiencing emotions? (James-Lange theory) Why some people experience too harsh or too blend emotions?

Problems with each factor functional: behaving in opposite direction, reaction formation compensation subjective experience: escaping from experience emotions by resisting on emotions or avoiding them physiology: bodily harms, destruction of amygdala example: The prevailing view on the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on emotion is that it dampens emotional experience due to a loss of peripheral bodily feedback, with the higher the lesion on the spinal cord the greater the reduction in the intensity of emotional experience. expression: aphasia, inability to express emotions, too harsh or too blend

Discussion Are emotions contagious? (in therapy?/ mirror neurons) Was not it better to live in an universe without negative emotions? Is the aim of therapy to eliminate negative emotions? Would we really have a word without emotions based on evolutionary scientists?

What is the aim of therapy in term of emotions?

Spectrum of emotions

Features of emotions How long How strong How many

Difference between emotion and mood Mood exists as a positive affect state or as a negative affect state Positive affect and negative affect are not, however, opposite ways of feeling. Instead, these two moods are independent—not opposite—ways of feeling. For example, during a job interview, people often report feeling both positive and negative affects simultaneously. The job interviewer typically feels both enthusiastic and nervous at the same time. Positive affect also varies systematically in accordance with the sleep–wake cycle, while negative affect does not.

Difference between emotion and mood Emotions and moods arise from different causes. Emotions emerge from significant life situations and from appraisals of their significance to our well-being. Moods, on the other hand, emerge from processes that are ill-defined and are oftentimes unknown. Second, as to different action-specificity, emotions mostly influence behavior and direct specific courses of action. Moods, however, mostly influence cognition and direct what the person thinks about. Third, as to different time course, emotions emanate from short-lived events that last for seconds or perhaps minutes, whereas moods emanate from mental events that last for hours or perhaps days. Hence, moods are more enduring than are emotions (love versus intimacy)

Difference between affect and mood Affect refers to immediate expressions of emotion, while mood refers to emotional experience over a more prolonged period of time. Affect: range (e.g. restricted, blunted, flat, expansive) appropriateness (e.g. appropriate, inappropriate, incongruous) stability (e.g. stable, labile) Mood: happiness (eg, ecstatic, elevated, lowered, depressed) irritability (e.g. explosive, irritable, calm) stability

Outline Scientific method terms theory, law, hypothesis, and … Basic concepts motivation, emotion, themes in study of motivation, and … History of motivational theories will theory instinct theory Freud drive theory Hall drive theory Emotions definition, difference with mood and affect basic emotions fear anger joy

Outline sadness disgust surprise emotional theories James-Lange facial expression feedback hypothesis Lazarus theory Gross and John theory emotional memory Horowitz theory emotional processing emotional intelligent Motivational systems basic principles physiological system attachment system exploration/assertion system

Outline aversion system sensual/ sexual system affiliation system caregiving system

Homework Chapter 4 from Reeve’s book- hunger part and before Writing: Edit your own theory, give examples for new theories Presentation Anger Fear Surprise Joy Disgust sadness