Standard 3.5 Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period, including the leadership and strategies of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

African americans respond Determined to claim their full rights of citizenship Restrictions were placed on them - Jim Crow laws - Poll tax and Literacy Test (designed to keep them from voting) African American leaders began to emerge -Strategies varied amongst them

Booker T. Washington -born a slave in the South -determined to receive an education ****Founded the Tuskegee Institute -purpose was to give vocational training to blacks to get them off the farm -wanted Blacks to be the carpenters, waiters, brick mason, etc. George Washington Carver worked at Tuskegee developing new crops to aid poor black cotton farmers

Believes blacks should be the master of trades to be treated as equals (farmers, construction, waiters, etc.) Agrees with segregation, as mentioned in a speech in Atlanta: ‘be as separate as fingers, yet one as the hand…” Known as the “Atlanta Compromise ” speech Was willing to except second class citizenship in exchange for jobs….believed having $ would bring Blacks out of poverty ***Southern blacks supported him, northern blacks criticized him

Financial supporters of tuskegee institute

Carnegie Library @ tuskegee

W. E. B. dubois Born free in the North First black PHD from Harvard University Does not agree with Washington ***Critical of Atlanta Compromise- Don’t settle for a trade, strive to get higher jobs, be active in politics ****Argued that Blacks should strive for higher education and be the doctors, lawyers, etc.

***Helped found the naacp Edited a newspaper of the NAACP… The Crisis Schools, neighborhoods, and public facilities were still segregated in the North (de facto) In the South this was law Blacks often were the last hired and the first fired

How some viewed segregation

Ida b. wells-barnett Born a slave in Mississippi shortly before emancipation Grew up on plantation where her parents continued to work for their former master Education during Reconstruction , became a teacher, then a newspaper writer Lived in the Jim Crow south…

Was forcibly removed from a train and forced to sit in the colored only railcar Sued the railroad, won, but victory was overturned on appeal ****Wrote an editorial in the newspaper critical of the segregated schools in Memphis which cost her job as a teacher Experienced violent intimidation when a friend was lynched (hanged) ****devoted the rest of her life to an anti-lynching crusade as a newspaper editor Disagreed with Booker T. Washington…called it “accommodation”