Conditions within the body must remain within a narrow range.

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KEY CONCEPT Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment.

Conditions within the body must remain within a narrow range. Homeostasis involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges.

Control systems help maintain homeostasis like ... Sensors = gather data senses B. Control Center= receives data, interprets info, sends messages out.  brain C. Communication System= delivers messages to target organs, tissues PNS (e.g. motor neurons) D. Targets = respond to change. muscles, glands (release hormones) pore sweat glands hair follicle muscle goose bump

Negative feedback loops are necessary for homeostasis. Feedback compares current conditions to the body’s comfort levels (=Set Ranges). Negative feedback counteracts change and brings the body back to homeostasis. O2 / CO2 level returns to normal Holding breath, CO2 levels rise, Negative Feedback Loop Control system forces exhale, inhale

Ex. #2 = Growth hormones stimulate cell division Positive feedback: increases change away from the set points. Needed for rapid change in the body. Ex. #1 = Torn blood vessels stimulates the release of clotting factors to stop blood flow. platelets fibrin white blood cell red blood cell blood vessel clot Ex. #2 = Growth hormones stimulate cell division

Thermoregulation: The process of maintaining a steady body temperature under a variety of conditions. Systems Involved: Muscular* Integument (skin)* Respiratory Circulatory Nervous (hypothalamus in brain) Endocrine (hormones, feedback)

A disruption of homeostasis can be harmful. Homeostasis can be disrupted for several reasons. sensors fail (don’t detect changes) targets do not receive messages (nerve issues) injury (overwhelm homeostatic controls) illness (viruses or bacteria) *Disruption of homeostasis can begin in one organ and cause a chain reaction in the others therefore causing a major body disturbance.

Organ systems must also work together to keep the organism healthy. Organ systems work together to produce Vitamin D. Thermoregulation maintains a steady body temperature. 1 2 3 4 Skin absorbs UV light Liver produces inactive vitamin D Kidneys produce active vitamin D Active vitamin D used in bones UV light

Body Temperature Regulation Stimulus: Body Temp. Sensors Body Temperature Regulation Target: Muscles/Glands Commun.Syst: Nerve Receptors Control Syst. =Brain