The War At Home Chapter 18 section 5

Bracero Program 200K Mexican Farm Workers Agreement between the US and Mexico for transportation, housing and care for cheap Mexican labor. 1942-1947

Bracero Program Farms and Factories Started in the SW Spread to all over the US Shortage of labor due to troops being overseas

Zoot Suits

Zoot Suit Riot Young Hispanic Men US Soldiers Clashes between sailors and young Hispanic men Early 1940’s, riots in ‘43

Zoot Suit Riot Los Angeles Racism Soldiers thought Zoot-Suiters looked “un-American”

Citation: On his own initiative, he carried his heavy machinegun from Company K's right flank to its left, in order to protect that flank which was in danger of being overrun by advancing enemy infantry supported by tanks. Occupying a shallow hole offering no protection above his waist, he cut down a group of 10 Germans. Ignoring enemy fire from an advancing tank, he held his position and cut down 25 more enemy infantry attempting to turn his flank. Glancing to his right, he saw a large number of infantry swarming in from the front. Although dazed and shaken from enemy artillery fire which had crashed into the ground only a few yards away, he realized that his position soon would be outflanked. Again, alone, he carried his machinegun to a position to the right rear of the sector; enemy tanks and infantry were forcing a withdrawal.

Single-handed he held off the German horde until he was satisfied his company had effected its retirement. Again he loaded his gun on his back and in a hail of small arms fire he ran to a point where a few of his comrades were attempting to set up another defense against the onrushing enemy. Sgt. Lopez's gallantry and intrepidity, on seemingly suicidal missions in which he killed at least 100 of the enemy, were almost solely responsible for allowing Company K to avoid being enveloped, to withdraw successfully and to give other forces coming up in support time to build a line which repelled the enemy drive.

CORE Congress on Racial Equality Civil Rights Group “non-violent protest” Sit-ins 1942; 1st sit it 1943

CORE Started in Chicago Spread to other cities Protest Jim Crow and racial segregation

1st Lt. Vernon Baker Citation: For extraordinary heroism in action on 5 and 6 April 1945, near Viareggio, Italy. Then Second Lieutenant Baker demonstrated outstanding courage and leadership in destroying enemy installations, personnel and equipment during his company's attack against a strongly entrenched enemy in mountainous terrain. When his company was stopped by the concentration of fire from several machine gun emplacements, he crawled to one position and destroyed it, killing three Germans. Continuing forward, he attacked an enemy observation post and killed two occupants. With the aid of one of his men,

Lieutenant Baker attacked two more machine gun nests, killing or wounding the four enemy soldiers occupying these positions. He then covered the evacuation of the wounded personnel of his company by occupying an exposed position and drawing the enemy's fire. On the following night Lieutenant Baker voluntarily led a battalion advance through enemy mine fields and heavy fire toward the division objective. Second Lieutenant Baker's fighting spirit and daring leadership were an inspiration to his men and exemplify the highest traditions of the Armed Forces.

Japanese Internment 110,000 Japanese-American citizens Forced relocation of American citizens of Japanese descent to concentration camps. 1942-1945

Japanese Internment Moved from west coast to “desolate inland areas” Many personal possessions were lost Fear of Japanese in post-Pearl Harbor U.S.

Pfc. Sadao S. Munemori "He fought with great gallantry and intrepidity near Seravezza, Italy. When his unit was pinned down by grazing fire from the enemy's strong mountain defense and command of the squad devolved on him with the wounding of its regular leader, he made frontal, one-man attacks through direct fire and knocked out two machineguns with grenades.

Withdrawing under murderous fire and showers of grenades from other enemy emplacements, he had nearly reached a shell crater occupied by two of his men when an unexploded grenade bounced on his helmet and rolled toward his helpless comrades. He arose into the withering fire, dived for the missile and smothered its blast with his body. By his swift, supremely heroic action Pfc. Munemori saved two of his men at the cost of his own life and did much to clear the path for his company's victorious advance."

21 Medals of Honor 9486 Purple Hearts 7 Presidential Unit Citations

Code Talkers Navajo Indians used in the Pacific Code was never broken

Sample code words: Tank = turtle Machine gun = sewing machine Bomber = pregnant airplane Hitler = crazy white man

Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty in action on 22 September 1943, at Oliveto, Italy. Although 2d Lt. Childers previously had just suffered a fractured instep he, with 8 enlisted men, advanced up a hill toward enemy machinegun nests. The group advanced to a rock wall overlooking a cornfield and 2d Lt. Childers ordered a base of fire laid across the field so that he could advance. When he was fired upon by 2 enemy snipers from a nearby house he killed both of them. Lt. Ernest Childers

He moved behind the machinegun nests and killed all occupants of the nearer one. He continued toward the second one and threw rocks into it. When the 2 occupants of the nest raised up, he shot 1. The other was killed by 1 of the 8 enlisted men. 2d Lt. Childers continued his advance toward a house farther up the hill, and single-handed, captured an enemy mortar observer. The exceptional leadership, initiative, calmness under fire, and conspicuous gallantry displayed by 2d Lt. Childers were an inspiration to his men.

Audie Murphy 26 January 1945, near Holtzwihr, France, commanded Company B, which was attacked by six tanks and waves of infantry. Lieutenant Murphy ordered his men to withdraw to a prepared position in a woods while he remained forward at his command post and continued to give fire directions to the artillery by telephone. Behind him to his right one of our tank destroyers received a direct hit and began to burn. It's crew withdrew to the woods. Lieutenant Murphy continued to direct artillery fire which killed large numbers of the advancing enemy infantry. With the enemy tanks abreast of his position, Lieutenant Murphy climbed on the burning tank destroyer which was in danger of blowing up any instant and employed its .50 caliber machine gun against the enemy. He was alone and exposed to the German fire from three sides, but his deadly fire killed dozens of Germans and caused their infantry attack to waver. the enemy tanks, losing infantry support, began to fall back. For an hour the Germans tried every available weapon to eliminated Lieutenant Murphy, but he continued to hold his position and wiped out a squad which was trying to creep up unnoticed on his right flank. Germans reached as close as 10 yards only to be mowed down by his fire. He received a leg wound but ignored it and continued the single-handed fight until his ammunition was exhausted. He then made his way to his company, refused medical attention, and organized the company in a counterattack which forced the Germans to withdraw. His directing of artillery fire wiped out many of the enemy; he personally killed or wounded about 50. Lieutenant Murphy's indomitable courage and his refusal to give an inch of ground saved his company from possible encirclement and destruction and enabled it to hold the woods which had been the enemy's objective. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX2PbzV1go8

The Most Decorated American Soldier of WWII Medal of Honor ribbon.svg Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Service Cross Silver Star ribbon.svg Silver Star (2) Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit Bronze Star ribbon.svg Bronze Star (2) (1 "V") Purple Heart BAR.svg Purple Heart (3) Army Good Conduct ribbon.svg Good Conduct Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg Presidential Unit Citation (2) American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg American Campaign European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg European-Africa-Middle Eastern Campaign (10 campaign) (Arrowhead device) World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Army of Occupation ribbon.svg Army of Occupation w/Germany clasp Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg French Legion of Honor Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with palm (France) - ribbon bar.png French Croix de Guerre (3) Croix de Guerre 1940-1945 with palm (Belgium) - ribbon bar.png Belgian Croix de Guerre Combat Infantry Badge.svg Combat Infantryman Badge Markesman Weapons Qual Badge.png Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar ArmyQualExpert.JPG Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar USA - Army Outstanding Civilian Service Award.png Outstanding Civilian Service Medal The Most Decorated American Soldier of WWII