Nationalism in Europe How does Nationalism both break up and unify countries in Europe? Ottoman Empire Germany Italy Austria- Hungary Russia

What is Nationalism? Culture History Nationality Language Nationalism says people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture Pos –overthrow absolute rule, democratic governments Neg – Forced assimilation, extreme nationalism leads to war Culture History shared way of life a common past Nationality Language shared ethnic ancestry Nation shared communication Territory Religion land belongs to group shared by most

Italian Nationalist Leaders King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Count Cavour [The “Head”]

Nationalism Unifies Italy Early 1800s Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement 1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister 1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region Camillo di Cavour Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II

Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy, controls Kingdom of Two Sicilies & part of Papal States Vic. Em. & Di Cavour meet w/ Garibaldi, will unite all of Italy Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister 1866: Italians beat Austria and take Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states Pope still controls the Vatican but Rome would become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy Garibaldi Rome Pope Pius XI

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

Prussia/Austria Rivalry

The German Confederation

Nationalism Unifies Germany 1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become PM OVB uses “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical) OVB runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Wilhelm I OVB’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states 1) 1864: OVB convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark Schleswig-Holstein Weak will be devoured by the strong! Otto von Bismarck

Confederation of North German States 2) 1866: Prussia wants 22 Austrian controlled N. German states, turns its back on Austria starting Seven Weeks War Austria humiliated, Prussia gets Confed. of N. German States 3) 1867: France & Prussia go to war over control of So. German states Confederation of North German States 1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III 4) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with Prussia creating the Empire of Germany Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister)

Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . . I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.