Computer Information Systems Introduction Computer Information Systems

Development of Computers Abacus (500 BC) Pascaline (1642) - Blaise Pascal Punch cards (1801) - Joseph Jacquard Difference Engine/Analytical Engine (1822) - Charles Babbage First programmer - Ada Augusta Lovelace Census Bureau (1890) - Herman Hollerith

First Electronic Digital Computer ABC by Atanasoff & Berry Motivated by physics research at Iowa State University First electronic digital computer Special-purpose (to solve linear equations) 1939 prototype; operational in 1942 ABC – prototype 1939; working 1942 Mark I – started devt. 1939; operational 1944 ENIAC – started devt. 1943; operational 1946

Early General Purpose, Hard-Wired Computers Harvard Mark I by Aiken (1944) General-purpose, electro-mechanical computer Influenced by Babbage’s analytical engine ENIAC by Mauchly & Eckert (1946) First large-scale, general-purpose electronic computer Military applications Influenced by the ABC ABC – prototype 1939; working 1942 Mark I – started devt. 1939; operational 1944 ENIAC – started devt. 1943; operational 1946; 1964 patent invalidated in 1973.

Stored Program Computers EDVAC by Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neumann (1949) Design began in 1944 Stored program concept described by von Neumann in 1945 Obviated requirement to re-wire the machine Others previously had this idea. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Zuse (1936) Others at Moore School of Engineering (U. Penn.) prior to ENIAC From Wikipedia: Although von Neumann unfailingly dressed formally, he enjoyed throwing extravagant parties and driving hazardously (frequently while reading a book, and sometimes crashing into a tree or getting arrested). He once reported one of his many car accidents in this way: "I was proceeding down the road. The trees on the right were passing me in orderly fashion at 60 miles per hour. Suddenly one of them stepped in my path."[2] He was a profoundly committed hedonist who liked to eat and drink heavily (it was said that he knew how to count everything except calories), tell dirty stories and very insensitive jokes (for example: "bodily violence is a displeasure done with the intention of giving pleasure"), and persistently gaze at the legs of young women (so much so that female secretaries at Los Alamos often covered up the exposed undersides of their desks with cardboard.)

Developments Outside the USA Konrad Zuse (Germany) First program-controlled computer (Z3) in 1941 First computer start-up company – 1946. Z4 – World’s first commercially sold computer. Designed first high-level programming language – 1948. United Kingdom Colossus – code-breaking computers (1943-1945) Source: Wikipedia

First Generation 1951 – 1958 (1953 estimate: 100 computers worldwide) Vacuum tubes UNIVAC I (1951) First mass-produced computer; 46 built & delivered. First commercial computer in the USA First designed to handle numeric and textual information Punched cards Machine language being replaced by assembly language A-0 (predecessor of COBOL) – 1951 FORTRAN - 1957

Second Generation 1959 – 1964 Transistors DEC introduced PDP-1 (1960) First video game (Spacewar!) Magnetic tapes and disks Compiler-based languages FORTRAN, COBOL, Basic, and PL1 “I have travelled the length and breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won't last out the year.”—Editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall, 1957.

Third Generation 1964 – 1972? Integrated circuits - reside on a single chip IBM introduced System 360 series (1964) 14,000 sold by 1968. DEC sells first minicomputer, PDP-8 Price: $16,000 First microprocessor – Intel 4004 (1971) RPG, Pascal, and many other languages

Fourth Generation 1972 – ??? LSI and VLSI Many circuits on a single chip MITS, Inc. – first commercially successful microcomputer (1974) Apple II (1977), Tandy’s TRS-80 (1979), IBM PC (1981) C, C++, Ada, Java And much, much more! MITS Altair 8800 - around 200 were ordered on the first day. 10,000 were shipped at a kit price of $397 each. “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.”—Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corporation (1977)

Concluding Observations Plummeting cost of hardware Rising cost of software Importance of networks, including the WWW Ubiquity of computing Need for computer skills Need for computer scientists