Introduction to Windows NT/2000

The operating System Zoo Mainframe Operating Systems – High-End Servers Processes routine jobs without any interactive user present OS/390 for example Server Operating Systems Run on Large PC or even on Mainframes Print , file or web services Unix , Windows 2000 , Linux

The operating System Zoo(2) Multiprocessor Operating Systems Windows 2000 (up to 32 CPUs) , SunOS PC Operating Systems Running users applications Multimedia support Windows 98/Me/Xp Real-Time Operating Systems Time as a key parameter (hard dead line) VxWorks , QNX

The operating System Zoo(3) Embedded Operating Systems Run on a computer not generally thought of as computer, like TV ,microwave etc. Have some characteristics of real-time systems PalmOS , Windows CE Smart Card Operating Systems Very small - run on a credit card sized device Some are Java Oriented (based on JVM)

History DOS 1 – 1980 Windows 3 – 1990 Windows NT – 1993 Windows 95 / 98 / Me Windows 2000 Pro / Server / Advanced /DC Windows XP Home/Pro - 2001 Windows.Net - 2003

Windows Family Roadmap Client Windows 95 / 98 Home PCs NTWS Business PCs 32 and 64 bit Windows .Net Servers Datacenter Advanced Small Business Standard NTServer Servers

Windows 2000 Product Family Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

Windows 2000 Professional Client version of the Windows 2000 product family Designed to provide a stable, reliable, and fast platform for end users to run their applications A high-performance, secure-network client computer and corporate desktop operating system that incorporates the best business features of Microsoft Windows 98 and builds on the traditional strengths of Microsoft Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Professional 4 GB Memory 2 Processors

Windows 2000 Server A file, print, and application server, as well as a Web-server platform, that contains all the features of Windows 2000 Professional plus many new server-specific functions Terminal Services For small- to medium-sized organizations 4 GB Memory 4 Processors More Services and connectivity options Active Directory Network Storage Management

Windows 2000 Advanced Server A more powerful departmental and application server operating system that includes the full feature set of Windows 2000 Server and adds the advanced high availability and improved scalability required for enterprise and larger departmental solutions High end enterprise networks 2-node Clustering Load Balancing 8 GB memory 8 Processors

Windows 2000 Datacenter Server A specialized high-end version of Windows 2000 Server designed for large-scale enterprise solutions and optimized for large data warehouses, econometric analysis, large-scale simulations in science and engineering, online transaction processing, and server consolidation projects Large Database applications 64 GB memory 32 Processors 4-node - Clustering

Characteristics of Modern Operating Systems 1. Microkernel architecture Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel address space interprocess communication (IPC) basic scheduling Other functions run in user mode and treated like any other application

Characteristics of Modern Operating Systems Multithreading process is divided into threads that can run simultaneously Thread dispatchable unit of work executes sequentially and is interruptable Process is a collection of one or more threads Useful when there is no need to serialize, e.g., database that deals with several clients

Characteristics of Modern Operating Systems Symmetric multiprocessing there are multiple processors transparent to the user these processors share same main memory and I/O facilities All processors can perform the same functions Better performance (speed), availability (fault tolerance), growth, scaling (wide price range)

Multiprogramming vs. multiprocessing

Operating Systems Concepts Process Memory management Information protection & security Scheduling and resource management Network support The Shell

2000 / NT Architecture

System Components — Kernel Foundation for the executive and the subsystems. Never paged out of memory; execution is never preempted. Four main responsibilities: thread scheduling interrupt and exception handling low-level processor synchronization recovery after a power failure Kernel is object-oriented, uses two sets of objects. dispatcher objects control dispatching and synchronization (events, mutants, mutexes, semaphores, threads and timers). control objects (asynchronous procedure calls, interrupts, power notify, power status, process and profile objects.)

Kernel — Process and Threads The process has a virtual memory address space, information (such as a base priority), and an affinity for one or more processors. Threads are the unit of execution scheduled by the kernel’s dispatcher. Each thread has its own state, including a priority, processor affinity, and accounting information. A thread has a state: ready, running, waiting etc.

Kernel — Scheduling The dispatcher uses a 32-level priority scheme to determine the order of thread execution. Priorities are divided into two classes.. The real-time class contains threads with priorities ranging from 16 to 31. The variable class contains threads having priorities from 0 to 15. Characteristics of NT priority strategy. Trends to give very good response times to interactive threads that are using the mouse and windows. Enables I/O-bound threads to keep the I/O devices busy. Complete-bound threads soak up the spare CPU cycles in the background.

Kernel — Scheduling (Cont.) Scheduling can occur when a thread enters the ready or wait state, when a thread terminates, or when an application changes a thread’s priority or processor affinity. Real-time threads are given preferential access to the CPU; but 2000 does not guarantee that a real-time thread will start to execute within any particular time limit. (This is known as soft realtime.)

Executive Object Manager Naming Objects Virtual Memory Manager Process Manager Local Procedure Call Facility I/O Manager Plug-and-Play Manager

Virtual Memory Manager The design of the VM manager assumes that the underlying hardware supports virtual to physical mapping a paging mechanism, transparent cache coherence on multiprocessor systems, and virtual addressing aliasing. The VM manager in NT uses a page-based management scheme with a page size of 4 KB. The NT VM manager uses a two step process to allocate memory. The first step reserves a portion of the process’s address space. The second step commits the allocation by assigning space in the NT paging file.

Volume and File Structure Sector , Track , Cylinder Cluster Partition - Volume - RAID

File System FAT16 – DOS , Windows95 , NT FAT32 – Windows32/Me/2000/Xp NTFS – WindowsNT/2000/Xp

File System File-Allocation Table

FAT

File System The fundamental structure of the NT file system (NTFS) is a volume. Created by the NT disk administrator utility. Based on a logical disk partition. May occupy a portions of a disk, an entire disk, or span across several disks. All metadata, such as information about the volume, is stored in a regular file. NTFS uses clusters as the underlying unit of disk allocation. A cluster is a number of disk sectors that is a power of two. Because the cluster size is smaller than for the 16-bit FAT file system, the amount of internal fragmentation is reduced.

File System — Internal Layout NTFS uses logical cluster numbers (LCNs) as disk addresses. A file in NTFS is not a simple byte stream, as in MS-DOS or UNIX, rather, it is a structured object consisting of attributes. Every file in NTFS is described by one or more records in an array stored in a special file called the Master File Table (MFT). Each file on an NTFS volume has a unique ID called a file reference. 64-bit quantity that consists of a 48-bit file number and a 16-bit sequence number. Can be used to perform internal consistency checks. The NTFS name space is organized by a hierarchy of directories; the index root contains the top level of the B+ tree.

File System — Recovery All file system data structure updates are performed inside transactions that are logged. Before a data structure is altered, the transaction writes a log record that contains redo and undo information. After the data structure has been changed, a commit record is written to the log to signify that the transaction succeeded. After a crash, the file system data structures can be restored to a consistent state by processing the log records.

File System — Security Security of an NTFS volume is derived from the 2000 object model. Each file object has a security descriptor attribute stored in this MFT record. This attribute contains the access token of the owner of the file, and an access control list that states the access privileges that are granted to each user that has access to the file.

Windows NT (2000) -NTFS

Networking Stand Alone Domain – PDC , BDC

Network Environment Microsoft Networks Netware Windows NT UNIX Systems Macintosh Remote Access

Network Device Interface Specification NDIS NETBEUI NWLink TCP/IP Network Device Interface Specification Ethernet Token Ring FDDI

Protocols TCP/IP: Routable organization protocol to connect Internet world NWLink: IPX/SPX-compatible protocol to connect Netware Server AppleTalk: Service for Macintosh clients DLC: Used to connect printer or SNA mainframes

DHCP Service (1) DHCP Server DHCP Client DHCP Client Non-DHCP Client DHCP Database IP Address 1 IP Address 2 …. DHCP Server IP Address 1 DHCP Client IP Address 2 DHCP Client Non-DHCP Client

DHCP Service (2) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Assigning IP to DHCP client Automatically Centralize and Manage the allocation of TCP/IP configuration information The client receives a valid IP address

WINS Service (1) WINS Server WINS Client USER3 USER1 Registration Request USER3=210.65.182.24 USER3 WINS Database USER1 210.65.182.22 USER2 210.65.182.23 USER3 210.65.182.24 IP inquire for USER3 USER3=210.65.182.25 USER1

WINS Service (2) Windows Internet Name Service Resolve the computer name to IP address Update the WINS database dynamically

DNS Service Domain Name Service Distributed database providing a hierarchical naming system for identifying hosts on the Internet Connect to Internet system using Internet naming conventions Maintain a consistent hierarchical naming scheme across an organization

IIS Service Internet and Intranet Internet Information Server Publish resources and services on the Internet on private intranet Use HTTP, Gopher, FTP to provide information

CSNW (1) Shared Resources Netware Server NT workstation with CSNW

CSNW (2) Client Service for Netware Connect to file and print resources directly Support Netware 2.x or later

GSNW (1) Netware Server NT Server with GSNW Windows Client

GSNW (2) Gateway Service for Netware Create non-dedicated gateway to Netware resources Avoid the license problem Manage a simple network envirenment

Component Base DLL COM DCOM – COM+ .NET