Updates on Peach Insect Management And Notes on the Illinois Specialty Growers Association Rick Weinzierl Weinzierl Fruit and Consulting, LLC raweinzierl@gmail.com 217-621-4957 February, 2017

Weinzierl Fruit and Consulting, LLC ISGA 2016 grant from the IDoA (pass-through from the USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant program) supports my coordinating the ISCAOC program for 2017. 2017 grant from the IDoA (pass-through from the USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant program) supports my teaching at tree fruit schools in Mt. Vernon and Hardin, the Gateway Small Fruit & Veg conference in O’Fallon, and the IL-WI fruit and veg conference in February, 2017, and (pending a contract offer) coordinating the ISCAOC program for 2018. University of Illinois … ½-time teaching in the fall of 2016; fruit insect research at the University of Illinois Fruit Research Farm 2016 & 2017. My orchard … ~3 acres leased from Eric and Alice Kinkelaar, Seymour, IL 100 peach trees and 78 apple trees in 2016 20 more peach trees, 20 Japanese plum trees, and 310 more apple trees in 2017

April 15-16, 2016

September 14, 2016

September 14, 2016. Zestar on G.935 (Cummins)

The Illinois Specialty Growers Association www.specialtygrowers.org

Key Topics Changes in insecticide registrations and labels Updates on major established and invasive pests, with seasonal pest management recommendations

Changes in Insecticide Recommendations Cancellations … existing supplies may be used Belt for Lepidopteran control Calypso for Lepidopteran control Renounce (a.i. cyfluthrin still available as Baythroid) Additions Sivanto … a neonicotinoid rated “Good” against rosy apple aphid and “green” aphids in apples. Pending Harvanta … registration slated for spring For control of plum curculio and Leps in apples and peaches Same mode of action as Altacor and Exirel Fairly low toxicity to bees (important for small fruit uses for spotted wing Drosophila control)

Pages 60-61 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

Page 135-137 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (and other stink bugs) Halyomorpha halys Introduced (NOT intentionally) from Asia, first detected in Allentown, PA, in 1998 Some crop damage in IL in 2015 and 2016 Overwinters as an adult, aggregates in large numbers in homes and other shelters Expect 2 generations per year in IL

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Feeds on a variety of host plants Ornamental shrubs (butterfly bush, viburnum, rose) Ornamental trees (crabapple, walnut, maple, redbud) Vegetables (sweet corn, tomato, green bean, asparagus, pepper) Fruits (pear, pear, apple, cherry, grape, raspberry) Agronomic crops (soybean, corn) Highly mobile and easily switches hosts Like other stink bugs, BMSB sucks plant juices with its beak causing plant injury Severe damage to apples, peaches, tomatoes, sweet corn, many other crops Many noncrop hosts serve as reservoirs for population buildup Very difficult to control … insecticide efficacy summarized later

From Rutgers and MSU Research … Activity begins mid-April to early May … maybe earlier. DD model starts with 13.5 hour day length April 19 at Chicago, April 21 at Urbana, April 23 at St. Louis Threshold = 1 in orchard … visual and beat samples Most active at tops of trees, may be easier to sample on cloudy days Nymphs most active at night Pyramid traps baited with BMSB lures from AlphaScents or Trecé may aid detection

Managing Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan Orchards. (Wilson et al. 2016) Rated as excellent for BMSB control in peaches … Actara (14), Danitol (3), Endigo (14), Lannate (4), Leverage (7), Pounce (14), Scorpion (3), Warrior (14) Rated as excellent for BMSB control in apples … Actara (14), Danitol (14), Endigo (35), Lannate (14), Leverage (7), Warrior (21) In both crops, Belay is rated as good … it is less likely to trigger mite outbreaks in apples. 7-day PHI in apples, 21-day PHI in peach)

Spotted Wing Drosophila Native to East Asia, where it is a pest on fruit. Detected in CA in 2008, OR, WA, BC, FL in 2009, UT, SC, NC, MI, WI in 2010. First reported in Illinois in 2012. Now widespread in IL … damage to blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, peaches, mulberries, elderberries, black currants, Japanese honeysuckle, pokeweed … and more Insect Management in High Tunnel Production

Fruit affected by SWD Highest risk Strawberries Raspberries Cherries Nectarines Blueberries Blackberries Moderate risk Peaches Grapes Pears Apples Tomato Alternate hosts Wild plants with berries, such as… Snowberry Elderberry Pokeweed Dogwood

Spotted Wing Drosophila Not a significant pest of apples. Peaches most likely to be infested as they reach full ripeness, with later varieties most vulnerable Controllable in peaches primarily with sprays of pyrethroids. Products with shorter PHIs include Baythroid (7 days) and Danitol (3 days). Effective products with 14-day PHIs include Asana, Mustang Maxx, Pounce, Warrior, and Entrust, and Delegate.

Peach insect life histories … what stage overwinters Peach insect life histories … what stage overwinters? How many generations per year? Insect or Mite Overwintering Stage Generations per Year European red mite Eggs on limbs 8 or more San Jose Scale Immatures under scales on limbs 2 Stink bugs / Plant bugs Adults in ground cover, woods 2 or more Lesser peachtree borer Larvae beneath bark Greater peachtree borer 1 Plum curculio 1 (2 in southern states) Oriental Fruit Moth Mature larvae in cocoons on trees 3-5 Japanese beetle Larvae in soil

Peach insects … when do infestations occur? Insect or Mite Timing of infestations European red mite Egg hatch begins around pink; numbers build over generations; thrive in hot, dry weather San Jose Scale Mating occurs around bloom; crawlers start new infestations a few weeks later, around third cover Stink bugs / Plant bugs Adults become active as temps exceed 60 F Lesser peachtree borer Moth flight begins in early May in southern IL; a second flight occurs in late summer Greater peachtree borer Moth flight begins in mid-June and spans several weeks Plum curculio Adults become active around bloom; lay eggs into fruit shortly after petal fall Oriental Fruit Moth Moth flight begins shortly before bloom; subsequent generations tunnel into fruit or shoots through fall Japanese beetle Adults emerge June through August and persist through fall

Time of occurrence … by degree-days Insect or Mite Base (oF) Timing of infestations European red mite 50 Egg hatch begins at 150-175 DD after January 1 (pink); 350-400 DD/generation San Jose Scale 51 Peak flight 250-300 DD after January 1; ~800 DD/generation Brown marmorated stink bug BMSB adults become active 360 DD after January 1; 686 DD per generation Lesser peachtree borer Flight begins 350-375 DD after January 1 Greater peachtree borer Flight begins ~ 1440 DD after January 1 Plum curculio Egg-laying into fruit ENDS 308 DD after petal fall Oriental Fruit Moth 45 First flight begins ~230 DD after January 1. ~965 DD/generation Japanese beetle Adults emerge from soil from 950 -2150 DD after January 1

Traps for Monitoring Peach Insects Use large delta traps with removable sticky liners. Key species to monitor with traps … oriental fruit moth, lesser peachtree borer, and greater peachtree borer. Also learn biofix date for codling moth. At least 3 traps per species per farm. After that, 1 per 5 acres. No more than 10-12 per species per farm. Separate traps for different species by at least 50 feet Check traps twice weekly and record the counts for each trap. Supplier = Great Lakes IPM http://www.greatlakesipm.com/

Degree-day (phenology) models Thresholds differ for different species Starting points for counting degree-days differ for different insects By calendar date (often January 1) probably less accurate By “biofix” … usually first capture of the species in a pheromone trap or other trap Key events in life cycles are linked to degree-day accumulations … but they are not the same for different species

Where to get data Weather stations in your orchard Spectrum Technologies www.specmeters.com Hobo weather stations http://www.onsetcomp.com/ Sky-bit, NEWA, or other sites http://www.skybit.com/ http://newa.cornell.edu/ Illinois Degree-Day Calculator

So, an example … San Jose scale Immature stages overwinter under the hard covering. Males fly to females and mate around bloom; females give birth to live nymphs under the protective cover of the scale. Crawlers become active a few weeks later. Use superior oil prebloom, with or without Lorsban or Esteem. Use Centaur, Esteem, Movento, Diazinon, or Assail against crawlers (~3rd - 4th cover after petal fall)

So an example … Google “Illinois degree-day calculator” https://ipm.illinois.edu/degreedays/ Click here.

So an example … Then … And again.

Now at … http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/warm/pestdata/sqlchoose1.asp?plc= Choose a pest, choose a location, and click calculate

Insert a date for the “biofix” … use local biofix date for codling moth if you do not trap for SJS males

Timing control of San Jose scale crawlers These DD accumulations start with “biofix” (= capture of males in traps). That occurs at roughly the same time as codling moth biofix, so … When the traps begin to catch males consistently, start accumulating degree-days using a 51°F lower threshold and a 90°F upper threshold. If it is needed, apply a treatment for crawlers around 400-450 DD after you catch the first SJS males (OR around 400-450 DD after the local codling moth biofix date OR ~650-700 DD starting January 1). Be aware that SJS traps may fail to catch any adults if weather is cold, rainy, or windy. Total generation time for San Jose scale is 1050 DD.

Prebloom in peaches… Oils at green tip to pink suffocate insect stages that are coated with spray Dormant oil / superior oil at 2 percent by volume early, decreasing to 0.5 to 1 percent by volume at pink Controls San Jose scale and European red mite eggs Successive applications of oil in this period improve control Not harmful to beneficials at this time. No cross-resistance or resistance management issues May add Lorsban to improve scale control, but oil alone is very effective May add Esteem for increased scale control, but later application against crawlers is also effective Timing by DDs … before 250 DD (base 51F) starting January 1 (before adults are mature and males leave the scales to mate with females) … you will do that anyway if the sprays are applied before bloom

Peachtree & lesser peachtree borers Stink bugs in general BMSB products (Actara, Belay, Danitol, and Lannate per crop labels); other pyrethroids Plum curculio Imidan, Assail, Avaunt or pyrethroids (or Surround + Pyganic) at petal fall and first cover Oriental fruit moth Pyrethroid resistance in Calhoun (& Jersey?) counties; use IsoMate OFM Rosso or twin tubes for mating disruption or rotate among Altacor (or Exirel if priced competitively), Assail, Delegate, and Rimon. Imidan also is effective. Base timing on moth counts in pheromone traps and degree-days. Peachtree & lesser peachtree borers Trunk sprays of Lorsban or a pyrethroid or IsoMate LPTB Dual for mating disruption

San Jose scale Immature stages overwinter under covering. Males fly to females and mate around bloom; females give birth to live nymphs under the protective cover of the scale. Crawlers become active a few weeks later. Superior oil prebloom, with or without Lorsban or Esteem. Centaur, Esteem, Movento, Diazinon, or Assail against crawlers (~3rd to 4th cover after petal fall) Japanese beetle Sevin XLR Plus, pyrethroids, others (Pyganic plus Surround or Neem) … retreat as needed

Plum Curculio Assail, Avaunt, and Imidan are products of choice for PC control at petal fall (and sometimes shuck split / shuck off) but not very effective against stink bugs and plant bugs; pyrethroids are effective against plum curculio, plant bugs, and stink bugs.

OFM Damage to Peaches

Degree-days and Oriental Fruit Moth First-generation moth flight (from overwintered larvae) begins about 230 DD (base 45) after January 1. First consistent capture of moths in pheromone traps provides a biofix. Development by degree-days (based on Croft et al. and Rice et al.) … Life stage or interval Degree-days, base 45F From moth flight to egg hatch 193-200 Larval development 387 Pupal development 378-383 Generation time (adult to adult) 963-965

OFM monitoring and control Hang pheromone traps in the upper half of the tree canopy beginning at green tip At least 2 per block Threshold = 6 to 8 moths per trap per week Begin counting degree days at first sustained catch (biofix) DD Threshold (base) = 45o F

OFM monitoring and control Reminder: OFM degree-days use a 45oF base Spray timing … First generation (if needed): first application at 175 DD after biofix; second application in ~14 days or at 350 DD after biofix Subsequent generations: Threshold = 6 to 8 moths per trap per week; apply sprays at 175 DD after moth counts that exceed this threshold and again in ~ 14 days OR Key timing can be based on the first generation biofix. Generation time = 950 - 965 DD (base 45F) Generation Timing of 2 most important sprays 2nd 1,150 and 1,450 DD after 1st gen biofix 3rd 2,100 and 2,400 DD after 1st gen biofix 4th and 5th Base on traps catching more than 5-15 moths per trap per week

First-generation oriental fruit moth flight begins about 230 DD (base 45F) after January 1.

Oriental fruit moth Pyrethroid resistance confirmed in Calhoun County Survival at diagnostic dose that should kill 99%, 2009- 2010: Lab colony 1.3% Urbana susceptible 0.7% Calhoun 1 9.3% Calhoun 2 >81% Because pyrethroids are still used in these orchards for stink bug control, resistance levels will not decline Alternatives Mating disruption – problems in mixed blocks Altacor, Assail, Delegate, Rimon, Exirel Imidan

Mating Disruption for OFM Control OFM Rosso (120 days) OFM Twin Tube (180 days)

Controlling San Jose scale crawlers in peaches Insecticide Effectiveness PHI Admire Pro F 7 Assail Belay G 21 Centaur E 14 Diazinon Esteem Movento

(Greater) Peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer Trunk sprays still effective Lorsban 4EC … not to contact fruit Timing generally early May for LPTB. Asana or Warrior postharvest for LPTB and PTB if Lorsban applied in spring Consider transplant dips/drenches for new trees Lorsban 75WG or 4EC Mating disruption Isomate PTB Dual is very effective … apply ~May 1 in southern IL For spray timing, use pheromone traps (LPTB and GPTB lures in different traps). Hang LPTB traps by late April or May 1. Hang GPTB traps by June 1. Spray for LPTB 7-10 days after traps start catching moths. For GPTB, spray after harvest is complete.

Multi-year overview where OFM is resistant to pyrethroids: Timing, Target Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Pre-bloom (San Jose scale and/or mites) 1-2% oil by volume; add Esteem if San Jose scale was a problem the previous year (see text above on crawler control) Borers (LPTB & GPTB) Peachtree Borer Dual mating disruption by May 1 or Lorsban trunk spray by May 10 Petal Fall – Shuck Split for plum curculio Imidan or Avaunt or a pyrethroid (Asana, Baythroid, Danitol, Mustang Maxx, Pounce, Proaxis, Warrior) (Before and at) Petal Fall – OFM 1 Adequate control from Imidan or Avaunt; or start mating disruption with Isomate OFM Rosso or OFM Twin Tubes 1st and 2nd Covers – OFM 2 Assail Rimon Delegate 3rd and 4th Covers – OFM 3 Altacor Later Covers – OFM 4 Covers to control Japanese beetle or stink bugs Assail or Sevin or Imidan against JB. Use Pyrethroid, Neonic (Actara or Belay), or mixture (Endigo or Leverage) against stink bugs

References, resources Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Pages/s fg_sprayguide.aspx Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News http://ipm.illinois.edu/ifvn/ Purdue’s Facts for Fancy Fruit http://www.hort.purdue.edu/fff/fff.shtml Great Lakes IPM http://www.greatlakesipm.com/