UNIT A: Biological Diversity

Skill Practice Graph Assignment Are Jasper’s Wolves in Danger Skill Practice Graph Assignment Are Jasper’s Wolves in Danger? – page 6 – Note Toolbox 7 – pp 492 – 494 plot the data from the chart onto a line or bar graph on the graph paper provided.

Biological Diversity is Reflected in the Variety of Life on Earth Section 1.0 Biological Diversity is Reflected in the Variety of Life on Earth She's Alive, Beautiful, Finite...

Group Think… Diversity of life on Earth Brainstorm and come up with a way to illustrate and explain biological diversity as it occurs: Group 1 – Between Ecosystems Group 2 – Within Ecosystems Group 3 – Between species Group 4 – Within Species

The world harbors an incredible diversity of life forms. Most communities of life forms are characteristic to particular parts of earth. eg. tropical regions will have different life forms than polar regions

Traditionally, natural forces caused extinctions, but recently, they are increasingly being brought about by the influences of humans. As a result, the variety of genetic material on our planet is decreasing.

Section 1.1 Examining Diversity

What is Biology anyways? Before we begin, What is Biology anyways? BIO LOGY life or living things the study of

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY refers to the variety of organisms on Earth.

Conditions for life All living things: - are made of cells - need energy to live - grow and develop -reproduce have adaptations that suit them to their environment respond to their environment are made of CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) produce wastes exchange gases

Adaptations - features that increase an organism’s chances of surviving and reproducing in a particular environment

1. Diversity between Ecosystems Ecosystem – an environment where living (biotic) organisms interact with the non-living (abiotic) components. Q: List 6 biotic factors- List 6 abiotic factors- Ecosystems around the world show tremendous diversity. Q: Compare and Contrast the biotic and abiotic factors in the two ecosystems at the bottom of page 9 of the text.

2. Diversity within ecosystems An ecosystem can have a wide variety of communities within it.

Population – Group of an individual species which frequent a common, specific area, and share the same food, habitat and types of mating partners. Community – populations of different species that live together in the same area; essentially the entire biotic component of an ecosystem

3. Diversity Within Species Species – organisms with the same basic structures - members must have the ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring. Some organisms within a species may look quite different due to: age (puppies vs dogs) life cycle stage (caterpillar Vs butterfly, or tadpole vs frog) gender (bull vs cow)

There are subtle variations between individuals of any population. This is called genetic diversity. Each variation is a result of differences within the genetic material in the cells of the organisms. Some genetic variations are visible while others are not. Ex. Visible- bill shape, wing span, fur colour Not visible- Blood type

A Female Kermode bear and her cubs. All three of these bears are American Black Bears. The one in the middle shows a recessive pigment variation that accounts for her light fur colour. She is not an albino or a polar bear. The other two bears are her cubs. This specific genetic variation is found only in central coast of British Columbia.

4. Species Distribution Species are distributed unevenly throughout the world. The greatest diversity of species is found in tropical regions close to the equator. As you move away from the equator species diversity decreases greatly. Q:Why do you think that is? Q:Coral reefs are called the “amazon of the oceans”. Why? See p.15

Classifying Biological Diversity Carolus Linnaeus developed “binomial nomenclature” which is a “two name” system for naming plants and animals. All plants and animals are named using Genus then species names Genus is capitalized, species is not, and both are italicized or underlined Ex. Homo sapien (humans) Scientistous renoundous

Organisms are grouped according to the physical structure of the species. Closely related species might have the same Genus name ( eg, Cats = Felis ), but will have different Species names ( domesticus, tigris, leo ). Felis domesticus Felis tigris Felis leo

Latin is the common language of Science WHY?? Because Latin is a “dead language” it is no longer evolving and no country uses it as their language.

The 5 Kingdom System scientists classify all living things into 5 kingdoms: Animalia (Animals) Plantae (Plants) Fungi (Yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms) Protista (Mostly single celled organisms) Monera (Bacteria)

Classify the wolf (see p.13) The five kingdoms are further divided as follows: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Classify the wolf (see p.13)

Remember it this Way! Kings Play King Chess Paul On Came Fine Over For Green Silk King Paul Came Over For Good Spagetti OR

Pop Quiz ! (don’t worry, it’s not for marks) What are the five kingdoms of living things? What are the 7 main categories used to classify living things?

What are the five kingdoms of living things? Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera 2. What are the 7 main categories used to classify living things? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species the 5 kingdoms 5 kingdoms

Classification of Humans K – Animalia

Classification of Humans K – Animalia P – Chordata (we have a spinal chord)

Classification of Humans K – Animalia P – Chordata C – Mammalia

Classification of Humans K – Animalia P – Chordata C – Mammalia O – Primates (includes monkeys and apes)

Classification of Humans K – Animalia P – Chordata C – Mammalia O – Primates F – Hominidae (the great apes: chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and humans)

Classification of Humans K – Animalia P – Chordata C – Mammalia O – Primates F – Hominidae G – Homo

Classification of Humans K – Animalia P – Chordata C – Mammalia O – Primates F – Hominidae G – Homo S – sapiens

Common Name: Red Fox Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Possess a basic backbone) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Order: Carnivora (Possess true canine teeth) Family: Canidae (Dogs) Genus: Vulpes (from Latin meaning 'fox') Species: Vulupes vulpes

read p 9-15 Do Check and Reflect p.15 #1 – 7 and 9

Section 1.2 Interdependence Interdependence relates to how each species depends on many other species in its environment A classic example is the predator-prey relationship that exists in the multitude of food chains/webs in the world.

Q: How does a predator-prey relationship maintain a healthy ecosystem?

Interdependence is also apparent in shelter required by animals, nesting sites, and processes like pollination and decomposition. A number of relationships, called symbiotic relationships , or symbiosis, show the methods by which one organism impacts another. These include:

1. Commensalism - one benefits, there is no harm to the other Ex. Bird nest in tree, barnacle on whales

2. Mutualism - both benefit Ex. lichen is a combination of two organisms: a fungus and an algae fungus prevents dehydration algae photosynthesizes food

3. Parasitism – one benefits, the other is harmed Ex. Tapeworms obtain nutrients at the expense of the host

There is one type of interaction in which neither species benefits: Interspecies competition - when two or more species need the same resource. This type of relationship limits the size of the populations of competing species.

􀂃 Nesting site, range and habits Niches A niche is the role of an organism within a particular ecosystem. An organism’s niche includes: 􀂃 What it eats 􀂃 What eats it 􀂃 It’s habitat 􀂃 Nesting site, range and habits 􀂃 What effect it has on the other populations 􀂃 What effect it has on the environment A niche, for a particular organism, can change, depending on the environment in which it is located and the organisms with which it inter-relates.

In order for organisms to live successfully with each other in an area (co-habitate), they must have slightly different roles. This is in part accomplished by a process called resource partitioning ex. The resources an organism requires are obtained from slightly different areas, or at different times, or in different ways.

For example: these five species of Warblers coexist even though they all feed on spruce bud worms because their preferred feeding locations are slightly different

Now read p.16-19 and Do Check and Reflect p.19 #1-4

Section 1.3 Variation within Species Variation within a population of a single species is called variability. Variability is important if the environment changes (suddenly or drastically). Greater variation increases the likelihood some of the individuals within that species will survive when there is change. Changes could include cold, heat, drought, predators, disease or food elimination.

Examples of variability include: 􀂃 Red fox (color of coat) 􀂃 Antibiotic resistance (bacteria) 􀂃 Banded snail (color of shell) Red Fox Coat Variation

Banded Snail Shell Color Variation

Natural selection: Factors in the environment determine or ‘select’ which individuals within a species will survive. If they live long enough to reproduce, those individuals with adaptations for survival will pass these characteristics on to their offspring. Q: Give an example of how variability can help survival of the fox, p.21 Peppered Moth Simulator

Do Variation in the human hand activity, p.21 Do Protective Coloration and Survival Lab p.22

Read p. 20-24 Do Check and Reflect p. 24 #1-5 And Section Review p.25 #1-3, and 5-7