Science Vocabulary Review True/False and Fill in the Blank

Plate Tectonics 1. Earth’s plates meet at boundaries. True 2. Breaks in the crust called faults form where plates meet. 3. Plates slide past each other at convergent boundaries. False – transform boundaries 4. A(n) rift valley forms where plates diverge on land. 5. Ocean currents drive Earth’s plates. False – convection currents 6. Most transform boundaries form where plates move apart and occur along the mid-ocean ridges. False – divergent boundaries

Plate Tectonics Sonar is a device that scientists use to map the ocean floor. True A deep-ocean trench is an underwater mountain. False - canyon Molten material erupts inside the central valley of mid-ocean ridges. The farther from a mid-ocean ridge a rock sample is taken, the younger the rock is. False - older Sea-floor spreading occurs at mid-ocean ridges. The pattern of magnetic stripes in rocks on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is the same.

Plate Tectonics A canyon on the ocean floor at which the crust bends downward is called a(n) Deep-Ocean Trench The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called Sea Floor Spreading The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is known as Subduction A chain of underwater mountains along which sea-floor spreading occurs is a(n) Mid-Ocean Ridge

Plate Tectonics At a(n) , plates come together. Convergent boundary Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called . faults The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called . plates A(n) is a deep valley on land that forms along a divergent boundary. Rift valley The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant, slow motion is called . Plate tectonics At a(n) ___, plates slip past each other. Transform boundary Plates move apart along a ______. Divergent boundary

Plate Tectonics 1. Earth’s plates meet at boundaries. True 2. Breaks in the crust called faults form where plates meet. 3. Plates slide past each other at convergent boundaries. False – Transform boundaries 4. A(n) rift valley forms where plates diverge on land. 5. Ocean currents drive Earth’s plates. False - Convection 6. Most transform boundaries are where plates move apart and occur along the mid-ocean ridges. False – Divergent boundaries

Rocks and Minerals formed from materials that were not a part of living things inorganic the property of splitting easily along flat surfaces cleavage how a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way fracture the repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles in a solid crystal the color of a mineral’s powder streak a ranking of minerals from softest to hardest Mohs Hardness Scale

Rocks and Minerals A mineral’s streak is the color of its ___ . powder Quartz, gold, and calcite are examples of ___ , but coal is not. minerals Geologists use the test to determine the hardness of a mineral. scratch The repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles forms a solid called a(n) . crystal

Rocks and Minerals is a dark-colored rock with a relatively low silica content. basalt The look and feel of a rock’s surface is its __ . texture The particles of minerals or other rocks that make up a rock are called . grains is generally a light-colored rock with a high silica content. granite rock forms when rock particles get pressed and cemented together. sedimentary rock forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure. metamorphic rock forms when magma or lava cools and hardens. igneous

Rocks and Minerals Color alone does not provide enough information to identify a rock. True To study a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s mineral composition, color, and temperature. False - texture The way in which each of the three major groups of rocks forms is different. A rock’s pigments give the rock its texture. Grains Rocks that have large grains you can easily see are described as fine grained. False – coarse grained Rocks that are non-banded have grains that lie in a pattern of flat layers or form swirls.  False - banded

Rocks and Minerals The series of processes that that slowly change Earth’s rocks from one kind to another is called the rock . cycle Plate movements help drive the rock cycle by helping to form ___,the source of igneous rocks. magma Deep beneath the surface, and pressure can change sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock. heat Through the process of, metamorphic rock can become magma. melting Sediment piles up on the ocean floor through the process of __ . weathering

Rocks and Minerals The process that breaks down granite into sediment is deposition. False - weathering There are many pathways by which rocks move through the rock cycle. True As rock moves through the rock cycle, material is not lost or gained. Forces of the rock cycle operate inside Earth not at Earth’s surface. False - and The collision of continental plates can push up a mountain range, after which weathering and erosion begin.

Describing Earth a dark rock with fine grains basalt the force pressing on an area pressure the layer made up of molten iron and nickel Outer core a rock with light color and coarse grains granite Earth’s outer skin of rock crust a layer of hot, solid rock below the crust mantle a dense ball of solid iron and nickel Inner core

Describing Earth Earth’s core is mostly made up of iron and magnesium. False - nickel Scientists think that movements in the liquid inner core create Earth’s magnetic field. False - outer The oceanic crust is most like granite in composition overall. False - basalt Pressure and temperature increase as you move deeper below Earth’s surface. True To learn about Earth’s interior, geologists study how seismic waves move through Earth. The core is Earth’s outer skin of solid rock. False - Crust

Describing Earth The change in elevation from one contour line to the next is called the . Contour interval are lines on a map labeled with the elevation. Index contours A(n) connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map. Contour line A(n) map shows the surface features of an area. topographic

Describing Earth V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a valley. True Index contours are darker and heaver than other contour lines. The change in elevation from one contour line to the next is the contour projection. False - interval A stream in a valley flows away from the open end of the V formed by contour lines. False - toward Satellite maps include contour lines that show relief. False - Topographic

Describing Earth The contour , such as 200 feet, is always the same for a given map. interval Mapmakers use contour lines to show elevation, relief, and . Slope Widely spaced contour lines indicate relatively areas. flat V-shaped contour lines pointing downhill indicate a(n) . Ridge line A contour __ connects points that have the same elevation. line

Volcanoes What is the difference between magma and lava? Define each of these terms in your own words. Volcano Ring of Fire island arc d. hot spot Magma is inside the earth and lava is on the surface A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean A string of volcanoes that form as the result of subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another oceanic plate An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above

Volcanoes Volcanoes form along the mid-ocean ridges, where two plates move together. False - Diverge Not all volcanoes form along plate boundaries. True Magma is molten material from the mantle that has reached Earth’s surface. False - Lava Yellowstone National Park marks the location of a huge island arc. False – Hot Spot

Volcanoes An area where material from deep within Earth’s mantle rises to the crust and melts to form magma is called a(n) . Hot Spot ______is an underground molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle. Magma Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of Earth’s . plates Japan and New Zealand are examples of strings of volcanic islands known as __ . Island arcs A volcano is a(n) __ that forms in Earth’s crust when molten material reaches the surface. mountain The Ring of Fire is a major belt of ____ . volcanoes