FALCON FOCUS ON YOUR OWN… Search for the 6 differences between the two pictures.

Falcon Focus . Answer the questions on the Falcon Focus sheet you picked up. Label the layers of the Earth based on the picture Describe how density changes as you move further down into the Earth.

Falcon Focus: Label the following layers Essential Question: Why is the inner core of the Earth solid if it the hottest layer?

Falcon Focus: Label the following layers Essential Question: What challenges stand in the way of sending explorers to the center of the earth?

FALCON FOCUS State one (1) difference and one (1) similarity between the outer core and the inner core

Earth’s Layers How are the earth’s layers similar to an egg? Shell=crust Egg white=mantle Yolk=core

Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Core Mantle The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Core Mantle Crust The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on chemical and physical properties. The Earth has an outer silica-rich, solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, and a core comprising a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Working from the centre of the Earth out we have: The inner core is a primarily solid sphere about 1220 km in radius situated at Earth's center. Based on the abundance of chemical elements in the solar system, their physical properties, and other chemical constraints regarding the remainder of Earth's volume, the inner core is believed to be composed primarily of a nickel-iron alloy, with small amounts of some unknown elements. The temperature is estimated at 5,000-6,000 degrees Celsius and the pressure to be about 330 to 360 GPa (which is over 3,000,000 times that of the atmosphere!) The liquid outer core is 2300 km thick and like the inner core composed of a nickel-iron alloy (but with less iron than the solid inner core). Iseismic and other geophysical evidence indicates that the outer core is so hot that the metals are in a liquid state. The mantle is approximately 2,900 km thick and comprises 70% of Earth's volume. (the core makes up about 30% of Earth's volume, with the outer crust [where we live] <1%!!). The mantle is divided into sections based upon changes in its elastic properties with depth. In the mantle, temperatures range between 500-900 degrees Celsius at the upper boundary with the crust to over 4,000 degrees Celsius at the boundary with the core. Due to the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and outer core, and the ability of the crystalline rocks at high pressure and temperature to undergo slow, creeping, viscous-like deformation over millions of years, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle (mantle convection cells). Hot material rises up as mantle plumes (like a lava lamp!), while cooler (and heavier) material sinks downward to be reheated and rise up again. - We shall see that this process is very important for plate tectonic motion… The outer most layer is the crust - this is the most familiar to us as it is where we live. The distinction between crust and mantle is based on chemistry, rock types and seismic characteristics. Presenter: Ask the students to guess what the most abundant element in the earth’s crust is…..they may be surprised to learn that it is actually Oxygen (46.6% Oxygen; 27.7% Silica; 8.1% Aluminum; 5.0% Iron; 3.6% Calcium; 2.8% Sodium; 2.6% Potassium; 2.1% Magnesium; plus trace elements) Click to next slide for more on the Crust…. Outer core Inner core Crust

In which layer is most of the mass of the Earth located?

The Three Layers The Earth is composed of three different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The core (outer core and inner core) are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!

The Crust The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin in comparison to the other three layers. Outermost layer; thinnest under the ocean, thickest under continents; crust & top of mantle is called the lithosphere . The crust is composed of two rocks. The continental crust is mostly granite. The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite. Because of this the less dense continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.

Crust Position: Outermost layer & Thinnest Layer   Density: Least dense layer of all 2 types of crust: Oceanic: thinner, more dense, younger rock Continental: less dense, older rock

Crust continued… Composition: Solid rock Made mostly of Silicon & Oxygen   Oceanic Crust = Contains Basalt Rock Continental Crust = Contains Granite Rock

Lithosphere Position: Lies between the crust and the upper Mantle   Features: Broken into pieces called Tectonic Plates & Floats on top of the Asthenosphere. 7th period left off

  Position: Top portion of the Mantle; known as the Upper Mantle Features: Moves the tectonic plates and is a soft solid. Asthenosphere

Mantle Position: Middle Layer   Features: Thickest Layer and contains the Convection Currents that helps move the tectonic plates Density: Density increases with pressure the deeper you go into the Mantle Composition: Is a soft solid Hot, softened rock Contains Iron and Magnesium

Convection Currents The mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over.

Outer Core Position: Outer part of the core   Density: Very dense, only less dense than Inner Core Feature: Is the Only Liquid Layer and is responsible for Magnetic Field that protects our Planet from Solar Wind. Composition: Slow-flowing liquid Mostly Iron and Nickel

Inner Core Position: Deepest layer Density: Most dense layer Feature: Has enough pressure for it to remain as a solid. Composition: A spinning solid Mostly Iron and Nickel

Temperature increases as depth increases

If we can’t reach the Mantle, how do we know what it’s made of?? Scientist track seismic waves (these come from Earthquakes) through the earth’s layers and they examine materials ejected from volcanic activity, which have helped scientists discover what the MANTLE is made of. Most lava that comes from volcanoes is actually just melted crust and is not material from the mantle and/or the core.

So what about the Inner Core and Outer Core?   So what about the Inner Core and Outer Core? Scientists know what the inner and outer core are made of (composition) based on the movement of seismic waves through the layers.

Why is the Inner Core solid?? Even though it is really hot, the weight of all of the other materials above it (crust, mantle, and outer core) put a lot of pressure on the inner core, keeping it solid!   Why does the Earth have a Magnetic Field?? The magnetic field is caused by the movement of the inner (spinning) and outer core (flowing liquid).

Falcon Focus Name 3 differences between oceanic and continental crust. Essential Question: How do scientists know about the Earth's interior?

Falcon Focus Essential Question: How does the Earth influence you and how do you influence the Earth?

Review 2)Name the 2 types of crust. 1) What are the six layers of the Earth? 2)Name the 2 types of crust. 3) Which layer is the thickest and contains the most mass? 4) Which layer is the only liquid layer? Which layer is responsible for the magnetic field? Which layer lies between the crust and the upper mantle? What moves the soft rocks in the mantle? The tectonic plates floats on top of which layer? The tectonic plates are apart of which layer? Name the 3 non-true solid layers.

Today you will create a cross-section poster of the interior of the Earth layers. Be sure to include AND LABEL all 6 layers. The Poster Must Also Include the Following: 1) Creative Title 2) Give 4 facts about each layer & 1 VERY INTERESTING FACT 3) Facts about the continental & oceanic crust as well 4) The Twist: YOU will need to find a way to represent YOUR FACTS BECAUSE YOU CAN NOT USE WORDS TO DESCRIBE THE EARTH LAYERS !!!!!!! 5) AT THE BOTTOM STATE WHICH LAYER DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT LAYER AND WHY? PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR YOUR REASONING OF WHY?

Agenda for Today Today you will create a diagram of the Earth’s layers and label each layer. Be sure to include all 6 layers. The Poster Must Also Include the Following: 1) Creative Title 2) Give 3-4 facts about each layer 3) Facts about the continental & oceanic crust as well

3-2-1 Reflection on your notes paper Exit Ticket 3-2-1 Reflection on your notes paper