The Nile Mohamed Asheesh OAMK 2015

Search of the source of the Nile The river today Hydrology Contents: Introduction Tributaries History Search of the source of the Nile The river today Hydrology Distributaries or branches Flooding of the Nile The Econile Issues around the Nile Approach of the problem The Nile; Water environmental management

1. Introduction The word "Nile" comes from the Greek word Neilos. Origin Africa Mouth Mediterranean Sea Basin countries Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, DR Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Egypt Length 6,695 km Source elevation 1,134 m Avg. discharge 2,830 m³/s Basin area 3,254,555 km² The word "Nile" comes from the Greek word Neilos. ancient Egyptians called the Nile iteru, meaning "big river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown below The Nile; Water environmental management

1. Introduction Impression of the Nile The Nile; Water environmental management

2. Tributaries The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 km² White Nile Blue Nile Atbara river The Nile; Water environmental management

3. History Lifeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization Since the Stone Age Climate change, or perhaps overgrazing form the Sahara desert Possibly as long ago as 8000 BC Inhabitants then presumably migrated to the river The Nile; Water environmental management

4. Search of the source of the Nile Despite the attempts of the Greeks and Romans The Nile remained largely unknown Hellenistic and Roman representations of the river as a male god Different Expeditions have taken place The Nile; Water environmental management

5. The river today The Nile still supports much of the population living along its banks The river flooded every summer The flow of the river is disturbed at several points by cataracts The sudd in the Sudan also forms a formidable obstacle for navigation and flow of water The Nile; Water environmental management

6. Hydrology The flow rate of the Albert Nile at Mongalla is almost constant throughout the year After Mongalla the Nile is known as the Bahr El Jebel which enters the enormous swamps of the Sud region of the Sudan More than half of the Nile’s water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration The Nile; Water environmental management

7. Distributaries or branches After the Blue and White Niles merge Atbara River the Nile diminishes because of evaporation The Nile; Water environmental management

8. Flooding of the Nile Egypt’s stability was one of the best structured in history This stability was an immediate result of the Nile’s fertility the Nile provided the resources such as food or money The Nile; Water environmental management

9. The Eonile The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean Several gas fields have been discovered within these sediments. The Nile; Water environmental management

10. Issues around the Nile Aswan is a city on the first cataract of the Nile in Egypt. The newer Aswan High Dam, and the older Aswan Dam The initial design was soon found to be inadequate Height of the dam was raised in two phases, 1907–1912 and 1929–1933. When the dam almost overflowed in 1946 it was decided that rather than raise the dam a third time The Nile; Water environmental management

11. Approach of the problem Upgrade the system of the ‘Nile basin Iniative’ The riparian countries have to share the Nile with all the riparian countries Involving some independent persons The Nile; Water environmental management

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