DERIVATIONAL PROCESSESS IN FRENCH MORPHOLOGY By Muhammad Naufal Anwa (1411731) ENCO 1103 Prof. Nuraihan bt Mat Daud

WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY? In linguistics, morphology is the study of the structure/forms of words and ways in which words are related to other words of the same language, with morpheme being the smallest grammatical unit in a language A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding Every word comprises one or more morphemes. The more combinations a morpheme is found in, the more productive it is said to be.

DERIVATIONAL PROCESSESS Reduplication Borrowing Clipping

REDUPLICATION Reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Oftenly used when a speaker adopts a tone more expressive or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often but not exclusively iconic in meaning.

REDUPLICATION EXAMPLES ORIGINAL FORM DEFINITION bébête bête ‘silly’ dodo dormir ‘sleep’ fanfan enfant ‘child’ fofolle folle ‘foolish’ cracra crasseux ‘dirty’

BORROWING Borrowing in linguistics is a process where a word in one language is borrowed to another language. The words that has been copied from another language that can be considered as borrowing are the ones with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact.

BORROWING EXAMPLES ENGLISH FRENCH money monnaie bottle bouteille pedestal piédestal final finale army armée story histoire

CLIPPING Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Most clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. Clipping is different from back-formation, as back-formation may change the part of speech or the word's meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word.

CLIPPING EXAMPLES WORD CLIPPED WORD DEFINITION parachute chute individual cloth canopy brassiere bra undergarment hamburger burger type of sandwich téléphone phone communications device

Merci!