Welcome, See updated details at http://techalive.mtu.edu/ce4905

The Affairs of Crystal Lake The 1890s The Roaring 20s After the War And Into Today … something’s happening here , what it is ain’t exactly clear. Buffalo Springfield

? ? History in the Mud Sand → → → → Muck Organic Matter (%DW) 10 20 30 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Organic Matter (%DW) ? Distance from Water Surface (cm) ? Image courtesy of Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Sand → → → → Muck

Hydrology 101 Surface fed lake with inflow and outflow http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water

Basics of Crystal Lake http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water

Basic hydrology of the area surrounding Crystal Lake http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/faq/water

Groundwater & Crystal Lake Considered a Seepage Lake General flow of groundwater is from north to south toward the Menominee river.

Analysis of Crystal Lake Monitoring well locations around Crystal Lake

Groundwater Profiles

Groundwater Profiles

3D contour of groundwater table on 4/25/2007 Crystal Lake

Factors Influencing Lake Levels Regional Water Table Stormwater Inputs Stormwater Diversion

Factors Influencing Lake Levels Regional Water Table Stormwater Inputs Stormwater Diversion

Well Level is average of 1,5,7

Factors Influencing Lake Levels Regional Water Table Stormwater Inputs Stormwater Diversion

Water Balance of Crystal Lake http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water

Stormwater Dissipation Effects of Storm Events Stormwater Dissipation   10-yr 50-yr 100-yr Inches of rain/24-hr 3.2 4 4.5 Inches of lake level 12 17 20 Time to dissipation (days) 25 35 40

Factors Influencing Lake Levels Regional Water Table Stormwater Inputs Stormwater Diversion

Effects of Groundwater vs. Storm Event Effect of Groundwater Almost 6 feet Effect of 100 Year Storm Event Approximately 20 inches Dissipated over 30 days Effect of Removing Stormwater Less than 6 inches over average summer Recharged by snow melt in spring

Bathymetric Survey Augering Holes to Record Depths Taking Rod Measurements Transporting Auger

Bathymetric Survey Current Water Depth Sediment Thickness

Bathymetric Survey Current Water Depth Historical Depths

Crystal Lake Bathymetric Survey

The Affairs of Crystal Lake Water Quality Issues

Stormwater Main Factors Affecting stormwater quality -geographical location -percentage of imperviousness -land use -type of conveyance -controls in the watershed Sample analysis methods Type of sampling procedure http://www.blackwarriorriver.org/images/stormwater.jpg

Is it Legal? The City of Iron Mountain is not required to obtain a permit Only systems which service a population >100,000 “We have made it clear to the city that a stormwater discharge to an inland lake is highly undesirable and should be avoided if possible” (Jack W. Rydquist, MDNR, Regional Supervisor Surface Water Quality Division).

Coliforms in Crystal Lake E. coli tested in Crystal Lake E. coli is not disease causing Fecal matter contains disease causing organisms Potential illnesses include Giardia Shigella Norovirus Giardiasis- Diarrhea, stomach crapms, excessive gas. Salmanellosis = diarrhea, nausea, vomiting Hepatitis A = Anorexia, fever, nausea E. coli bacteria

Coliforms-Causes and Effects Direct Runoff Stormwater Sewage

= In the lake near the north stormwater pipe = In the lake near the east stormwater pipe =In the lake near the park = In the stormwater pipes

Bacteria in Crystal Lake

Bacteria in Crystal Lake

Bacteria in Crystal Lake

Coliforms-Treatment Options Use model to predict safety window Eliminate stormwater input

Fish Kills in Crystal Lake Fish found in Crystal Lake Perch Bullhead Emerald Shiner

Fish Kills in Crystal Lake 39

Oxygen – Causes and Effects 40

Oxygen – Management Options Increase volume of lake Meet SOD by adding oxygen Remove sediments by dredging 41

Plants in Crystal Lake Algae Macrophytes 42

Plants – Causes and Effects Oligotrophic – scarcely fed 0-10 ug P/L Mesotrophic – moderately fed 10-20 ug P/L Eutrophic – well fed > 20 ug P/L 43

Plants – Management Options Reduce nutrient inputs Increase volume of lake Apply algaecide and harvest macrophytes 44

The Affairs of Crystal Lake Methods of Restoration

Current Stormwater System

Previously Considered Options Pump all stormwater to the Chapin Pits Using Mud and Bear Lakes as natural filters for stormwater before entering Crystal Lake Route stormwater directly to the Menominee River Construction of a detention pond on the S.E. corner of the lake In line treatment of all stormwater

No Action Alternative Continuously monitor levels of coliform bacteria and post contact restrictions when levels are elevated. http://www.seagrant.umn.edu

Stormwater Treatment Option Treat coliform bacteria in both outlets Chlorine - expensive U.V. Light Disinfection-inefficient Pre-treatment unit to remove debris-only grit http://www.contech-cpi.com/stormwater http://www.wateronline.com

Treatment Overview

Diversion – Iron Mountain Modifications

Diversion - Kingsford Modifications

Stormwater Diversion Option Benefits both Kingsford and Iron Mountain Costs could be shared between both cities Additional Road costs could be associated with typical maintenance and reconstruction costs Needed to obtain dredging permit

Stormwater Management Costs No Action Alternative $0 Treatment (Chlorination) $30,000 (initial) $850,000 (per yr.) Diversion $2.9 million

Dredging Objective: The physical removal of phosphorus producing and oxygen consuming sediments. Goals: Method Hydraulic Mechanical Extent Partial Full Costs DEQ Regulations flexifloat.com

Method of Dredging Hydraulic Dredging Mechanical Dredging Cif.org Everreadyindustrial.com

Dredging Layouts

Partial Dredging Dredging down to meet specific quality goals in order reduce economic impact. Excel Model

Cost Summary $26.00 per cyd Full Dredge $11 million Partial $3.9-11 million Volume Varies erdc.usace.army.mil

Dredging (Permit)

Permitting Disposal Locations Sediment Testing Impact assessment Requirements Sediment Testing Metals or Chemicals Impact assessment Condition will not repeat

Benefits of Dredging Improve oxygen retention time Resulting in improved fish life Removal of decaying plant matter Reducing oxygen demand Increase lake depth Assisting in macrophyte reduction Removal of phosphorus Limiting plant growth