The Expansion of Islam 7.4, 7.7, 7.9

The Expansion of Islam

The Expansion of Islam After Muhammad’s death, the Muslim community elected as their leader Abu-Bakr, the first caliph - ruler of an Islamic community.

The Expansion of Islam For the next two years, Abu-Bakr used jihad to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam.

The Expansion of Islam When Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia.

The Expansion of Islam When the Muslims conquered lands, they made treaties with any non-Muslims there. These treaties listed rules that conquered people—often Jews and Christians—had to follow.

The Expansion of Islam Many early caliphs came from the Umayyad family. The Umayyads moved their capital from Medina to Damascus and continued to expand the empire.

The Expansion of Islam The Umayyads surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony. These actions, as well as the leadership issue, caused a division in the Muslim community.

The Expansion of Islam Most Muslims accepted the Umayyads rule. A minority resisted, they thought the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad.

The Expansion of Islam This group was called Shi’a. Members of this group are called Shi’ites.

The Expansion of Islam Those who did not resist the Umayyads later became known as Sunnis.

The Expansion of Islam After years of fighting in North Africa, many natives called Berbers converted to Islam. Following their conversion, they joined the Arabs in their efforts to spread Islam.

The Expansion of Islam A combined Arab and Berber army invaded Spain in 711 and quickly conquered it.

The Expansion of Islam The army moved on into what is now France, but it was stopped by a Christian army near the city of Tours.

The Expansion of Islam By 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.

The Expansion of Islam Rebel groups made up of Shi’ites and non-Arab Muslims overthrew the Umayyads in 750. Calling themselves the Abbasids , they took control of the empire.

The Expansion of Islam When the Abbasids came to power in 750, they murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad family.

The Expansion of Islam One prince named Abd al-Rahman escaped and fled to Spain. There he set up an Umayyad caliphate.

The Expansion of Islam To solidify power, the Abbasids moved the capital of the empire in 762 to a newly created city, Baghdad, in central Iraq.

The Expansion of Islam The location on key trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information.

The Expansion of Islam To support their bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth. The Abbasid caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258.

Muslim Trade Routes The spread of Islam created a vast trading empire that stretched from West Africa to South East Asia

Muslim Trade Routes The Silk Road linked Constantinople to China and became a major network for trading goods and services along its route

Muslim Trade Routes The emergence of better sailing ships allowed more goods to travel longer distances in a shorter time

Muslim Trade Routes Spices were a main commodity carried by sailing ships from South East Asia back to the Middle East

Muslim Trade Routes Muslim traders also crossed the Sahara Desert and began the Gold and Salt Trade

Muslim Trade Routes Caravans travelled long distances and in West Africa trading was accompanied by the conversion of the people to Islam

Three Muslim Empires 7.10, 7.11, 7.12

Muslim Empires In the mid-1200s Muslim Turkish warriors known as Ottomans began to take land from the Christian Byzantine Empire.

Muslim Empires They eventually ruled lands from eastern Europe to North Africa and Arabia.

Muslim Empires The key to the empire’s expansion was the Ottoman army.

Muslim Empires  The Ottomans were aided by new gunpowder weapons—especially cannons.

Muslim Empires In 1453 Ottomans led by Mehmet II used huge cannons to conquer Constantinople. With the city’s capture, Mehmet defeated the Byzantine Empire.

Muslim Empires Mehmed made Constantinople, which the  Ottomans called Istanbul, his new capital.

Muslim Empires From 1520 to 1566, the Ottomans took control of the eastern Mediterranean and pushed farther into Europe under the rule of Suleiman, “the Magnificent.” 

Muslim Empires Suleiman’s rule is often described as the “golden age” of the Ottoman empire.

Muslim Empires The Safavid Empire began in 1501 when the Safavid leader Esma’il conquered Persia. He took the ancient Persian title of shah, or king.

Muslim Empires In 1588 the greatest Safavid leader, 'Abbas, became shah.

Muslim Empires ‘Abbas made great contributions to the Safavid culture and economy by blending Persian and Muslim traditions.

Muslim Empires The Mughal Empire in northern India grew under an emperor named Akbar. He conquered many new lands and worked to make the Mughal government stronger.

Muslim Empires The Mughal Empire is known for its monumental architecture—particularly the Taj Mahal.

Review What was the main commodity being carried by ships traveling between South East Asia and the Middle East? Muslim leaders elected after Muhammad’s death were called______________. Which desert did Muslim traders cross to trade in West Africa? What did they trade? What allowed Muslim merchants to go greater distances in less time? The ________ of North Africa joined Arabs in conquering Spain. First Islamic dynasty What did the Ottomans rename Constantinople? Ottoman kings were called _______________. Safavid rulers were called ____________, the ancient Persian word for king. What is the most famous example of Mogul architecture? The capital of the Umayyad dynasty ______________captured Constantinople. His rule is often described as the “golden age” of the Ottoman empire. Second Islamic dynasty Islamic word meaning struggle