Chapter2 Theory and approach Phd. Hu Haisheng Associate Professor, Master Supervisor Department of Tourism Management, College of Tourism and Urban Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, CHINA E-mail: hpeter@163.com Cell Phone: +086 13576125141

Chapter2 Theory and approach 1. Some theories about planning 2. Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques 3. The Futures of Tourism

1. Some theories about planning Location theory

Location theory concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics. Location theory addresses questions of what economic activities are located where and why. Location theory rests—like microeconomic theory generally—on the assumption that agents act in their own self-interest. Firms thus choose locations that maximize their profits and individuals choose locations that maximize their utility.

1. Some theories about planning Theory of Consumer Behavior The principle assumption upon which the theory of consumer behavior and demand is built is: a consumer attempts to allocate his/her limited money income among available goods and services so as to maximize his/her utility (satisfaction).

Black box model Environmental factors Buyer's black box Buyer's response Marketing Stimuli Environmental Stimuli Buyer Characteristics Decision Process Product Price Place Promotion Economic Technological Political Cultural Demographic Natural Attitudes Motivation Perceptions Personality Lifestyle Knowledge Problem recognition Information search Alternative evaluation Purchase decision Post-purchase behaviour Product choice Brand choice Dealer choice Purchase timing Purchase amount

1. Some theories about planning Competitiveness(Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations ,1990) The Diamond Model Every business operates within a playing field—the environment where it is born and where it learns to compete. The diamond is a model for identifying multiple dimensions of microeconomic competitiveness in nations, states, or other locations, and understanding how they interact.

1. Some theories about planning Competitiveness(Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations ,1990) Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Challenge Demand conditions Factor conditions Goverment Related and supporting industries

1. Some theories about planning Butler ’s TALC (Tourism Area Lifecycle)

Blackpool's Tourist History applied to the Butler Model

1. Some theories about planning Sustainable Tourism – the panacea? “Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems” (UN World Tourism Organisation)

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques Systems Approach Comprehensive Approach Integrated Approach Environmental and Sustainable Approach Community Approach Implementable Approach

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques SYSTEMS APPROACH Requires that adequate information about the system is available to understand and analyze it. Computer technology is needed to collect and analyze this data.

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH All aspects of tourism development are analyzed and planned on a broad scope.

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques 3. INTEGRATED APPROACH Tourism is planned and developed as an integrated system within itself and integrated into the overall plan and development pattern of the area.

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH Tourism is planned, developed and managed in such a way that the natural and cultural resources are not used up so that they are available for continuous and permanent use in the future. Carrying capacity analysis is an important technique used in the environmental and sustainable approach.

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques COMMUNITY APPROACH Planning is for the residents of the area. The local residents should be given the opportunity to participate in the planning of their community’s future development and express their opinion on the type of community they want to live in.

2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques IMPLEMENTABLE APPROACH Tourism plan, policies and recommendations are expressed in a practical and achievable manner.

3. The Futures of Tourism Construction of scenarios about the future position of tourism in order to develop new thinking and strategic directions What will the world be like in 2050? Changing markets - drives tourism spend Technology – how we interface with the world Resources – determine destinations & how we get there

3. The Futures of Tourism Changing markets China, USA & India are the richest countries in the world The world’s population is getting older Average hotel employee is aged under 25 years 75% of the world’s wealth is held by people over the age of 50 years Increasing unemployment rates among young Polarisation of haves and have-nots

Changing values

3. The Futures of Tourism Technology: How will it change? Technology In 2019 - What The Future Of Tech Looks Like!

Google glasses: The end of maps & guidebooks?

Technology is a key to Future Tourism

3. The Futures of Tourism Resources Global warming Peak oil Increasing world population Tourism Industry?

Future of Transport – flying cars?

Sustainable hotel design – energy saving and sustainable architecture? Sustainable architecture seeks to minimise the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy and development space. Photo: Inter Continental Songjiang Resort

What does the Future hold for Tourism? How we behave and deal with it will make the difference, e.g. cooperation or rivalry? Families are changing, e.g. free entry for grandparents? feminisation of travel. Health & well being are becoming more important e.g. diabetes, accessibility Consumers looking for change e.g. new niches, new destinations, individuality but the state of the world is fragile; need for a drive for sustainable change and a cooperative world e.g. one world currency?