BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY Relevance of Chemistry in Biology? Present in most org. cmpds: involved in energy formation Required for cell respiration? Backbone of organic cmpds? Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18%) Hydrogen (10%) Nitrogen (3%) Calcium (1.5%) Phosphorus (1.0%) Potassium (0.35%) Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%) Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%) Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts) Present in all proteins, DNA

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY Atomic Theory 1. all matter is made up of atoms ( basic theory) B. What is an atom? 1. smallest particle of matter or an element 2. made up of bunches of smaller particles a. the basic particles of interest i. the electron: negative charge ii. the proton: positive charge iii. the neutron: no charge Nucleus 3. Draw the structure of an atom

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY the electrons 4. What is the atomic number of this atom? a. what is the atomic number of an atom? i. the number of protons b. in an electrically stable atom which particle is equal in number to the atomic number? the electrons

The Periodic Table Song BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY D. What is an element? substance made of only one type of atom b. elements are represented by symbols on the periodic table C c. there are 118 known elements on the periodic table H Periodic table O The Periodic Table Song N

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY sodium carbon nitrogen oxygen

? BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY C-12 C-13 C-14 D. What is an Isotope? 1. Atoms that have same number of protons and electrons but different number of NEUTRONS

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY NO Is water an element? Water is a compound So, what is a compound? A. Compound: 2 or more elements chemically combined together. 2 or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions B. Molecule:

H20 4 Molecular Formulas CHEMISTRY C. Understanding Molecular Formulas what information does this formula communicate? H20 4 subscript coefficient subscripts: indicate no. of atoms b. coefficient: indicate no. of molecules

Molecular Formulas CHEMISTRY D. Lets do some examples: How many atoms and molecules? 1. 5 NaCl 2. 3H2O 3. 2HNO3 10 total atoms and 5 molecules 9 total atoms and 3 molecules 10 total atoms and 2 molecules

Electron Configuration CHEMISTRY A. What is the atomic number? 1. the number of protons 2. if we know the atomic number we know the number of electrons because atoms are electrically neutral. B. Locating Electrons or Electron Configuration How many e- can level 1 hold? electrons are located in energy levels around the nucleus. 2 How many e- can level 2 hold? 8 How many e- can level 3 hold? 8

Valence Electrons and Valence CHEMISTRY C. Valence Electrons i. Valence electrons are those electrons found in the outer most energy level or shell.

Valence Electrons and Valence CHEMISTRY VALENCE? D. valence 1. the net charge on an atom after the atom has been made happy by filling the outer energy level or shell with electrons SO IS WHAT

It’s grizzly study guide time Bond Lines CHEMISTRY F. bond lines: valence without the charge It’s grizzly study guide time Boron’s valence was +3 So, how many bond lines does boron have to offer? 1. Drawing boron with bond lines

INTERACTIVE PERIODIC TABLE Easy Valence CHEMISTRY INTERACTIVE PERIODIC TABLE

Which of these is the structural formula for water? Structural Formulas CHEMISTRY Which of these is the structural formula for water? H2O or A. Drawing Structural Formulas Requirements a. satisfy all subscripts b. satisfy all coefficients c. satisfy all bond lines d. no hanging bond lines Lets do an example: CO2

Soo…. How do we arrange the atoms to meet all the criteria? Structural Formulas CHEMISTRY HINT: put atoms with multiple bonds lines in the middle and atoms with lesser bond lines on the outside How many bond lines does carbon have? FOUR How many bond lines does oxygen have? TWO Soo…. How do we arrange the atoms to meet all the criteria?

Chemical Bonds CHEMISTRY stronger A. Types of Bonds 1. covalent Equal sharing of electrons stronger Which bond is stronger? 2. ionic An ionic bond is an electrical attraction resulting from oppositely charged ions

Chemical Bonds CHEMISTRY covalent bond ionic bond

What special properties does this type of bonding allow water to have? Chemical Bonds CHEMISTRY Hydrogen Bonds ? 1. Attraction between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom and the partial negative charge of another atom What special properties does this type of bonding allow water to have? The Jesus Lizard Surface tension Capillarity Belly Flop Belly Flop 2

Chemical Bonds CHEMISTRY Hydrogen Bonds

pH, acids, and bases CHEMISTRY A. What is pH? 1. The power of hydrogen Hmm? A. What is pH? 1. The power of hydrogen The amount of hydrogen ions present in solution after an acid or base has been dissolved in water. 2. Measured on the pH scale

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY Solutions and Suspensions A mixture is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined. Two types of mixtures can be made with water solutions suspensions

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY Solutions All the components of a solution are evenly distributed throughout the solution. salt is the solute Water is the solvent the substance that is dissolved. substance in which the solute dissolves.

BASIC CONCEPTS CHEMISTRY Suspensions mixtures of water and non-dissolved material are known as suspensions Biological Example: blood is mostly water, which contains many dissolved compounds. blood also contains cells and other undissolved particles that remain in suspension as the blood moves through the body.