Roman Empire 1200 B.C. to 480 A.D.

Beginning of an Empire First settlement made in Italy Between 1200 B.C. and 750 B.C. Romulus and Remus Believed to be 753 B.C. Rule of Romulus 753 – 716 B.C. Ancient Cities found dating to 750 B.C.

Early Year and Monarchies 715-674 B.C. - Numa Pompilius 673-642 B.C. - Tullius Hostilius 642 - 617 B.C. - Ancus Marcius 616-579 B.C. - Tarquinius Priscus builds the Cloaca Maxima, the first sewer. 578-535 B.C. - Servius Tullius builds city walls

Roman Republic - Basics Definition - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. Patricians – Wealthy land owners, control Plebeians – Common people, population Tribunes – Assembly who protected unfair acts

Twelve Tables Problems Written Laws Laws not written down leads to different interpretation Plebeians treated unfairly Written Laws “All Citizens has a right to protection of the law”

Roman Republic Executive – 2 leaders elected for 1 year Legislative Leader of government and army Legislative Senate - 300 members for life Money, Foreign policy Centuriate – All solider citizens for life Select leaders, make laws Tribal – All other citizens for life Elects tribune members, local laws

Roman Republic (cont’d) Judicial – 8 judges for 1 year Elected by Centuriate Assembly 2 each oversee criminal and civil courts 6 other oversee providences Legal Code 12 Tables Citizens Adult Landowning Males

Roman Grows to an Empire 265 B.C. – Rome conquered all of Italy Trade Wine and Olive oil from Rome for food, raw materials and manufactured good from others War – Punic Wars Carthage – 264 to 146 B.C. – 3 wars 23 years – Sicily and western lands - Won 2 years – Hannibal – Lost 3 years - Won

Roman Empire and Rise of Caesar Republic Collapses – Punic wars, people Rise of Julius Caesar (60 B.C.) Allies with Crassus and Pompey Named himself governor 44 B.C. Named himself dictator for life

Caesar’s Rule Reforms Political Influence Citizenship to all people in conquered lands Added people to the Senate Created Jobs Pay for soldiers Political Influence Wealthy did not like that he helped the common Brutus and Cassius plotted his death March 15th 44b.c. he was murdered

Octavian or “Augustus” Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son Banded together with Mark Anthony 43 B.C. – Ruled the country as a team Jealously and Anthony and Cleopatra War with Anthony Octavian won Octavian became the sole ruler 27 B.C.

Empire under Augustus Rule 27 B.C. – 14 A.D 3 million square miles 60 – 80 million people Most stable and progressive rules “Pax Romana” or Roman Peace

Major Rulers of Rome Caligula - 37 – 41 A.D. Claudius – 41 – 54 A.D. Mentally disturbed from disease Claudius – 41 – 54 A.D. Surprised all by being a great ruler Nero - 54 A.D. – 68 A.D. Good Administrator of government Murdered all that opposed him Including his mother

High Point Emperors Nerva 96 – 98 A.D. Trajan 98 – 117 A.D. Hadrian 117 – 138 A.D. Antoninus Pius 138 – 161 A.D. Marcus Aurelias 161 – 180 A.D.

Decline and Fall 193 A.D. began the decline Reason for Fall – 476 A.D. Inflation Mercenaries Reason for Fall – 476 A.D. Political Social Economic Military Invasion